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MIDS 227 - Pediatric & Superficial Structures > Unit 2b: Thyroid Pathology > Flashcards

Unit 2b: Thyroid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: We can soley differentiate benign and malignant tumours on US

A

False: Need FNA cytology to provide diagnosis

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2
Q

Inflammatory/Infectious pathology, thyroiditis, and autoimmune diseases such as Grave’s disease and Hashimoto’s are examples of thyroid pathology that is ____

A

Diffuse

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3
Q

Nodules, adenomas, hyperplasias, carcinomas, lymphoma, mets, that are unilateral or bilateral are all exampls of thyroid patholgy that is _____

A

Focal

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4
Q

A normal funcitoning thyroid gland is called ____

A

Euthyroid

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5
Q

Increased thyroid funciton is known as

A

hyperthyroid

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6
Q

Decreased thyroid function is known as

A

hypothyroid

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7
Q

The most common cause of Thyrotoxicosis is _____

A

Hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

Elevated levels of free T3 and T4 cause a _______ state

A

Hypermetabolic state

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9
Q

Graves Disease is an example of Primary ______

A

Hyperthyroidism

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10
Q

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is _________ and most commonly presents in _____ (sex)

A

Grave’s Disease
Women

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11
Q

Name 4 symptoms present in Graves Disease

A

1) Hyperthyroidism
2) Goiter
3) Protruding eyes
4) Pretibial Myxedema

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12
Q

Weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, bulging eyes, goiter, tachycardia, mood changes, dyspnea, nervousness, tremors, menstrual irregularities are all symptoms of _____

A

Graves Disease (Hyperthyroidism)

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13
Q

What three factors make up a “Thyroid Storm”?

A

1) BP
2) HR
3) Body Temp

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14
Q

Enlarged thyroid, heterogenous texture, and “Thyroid Inferno” are commonly associated with _____

A

Graves Disease (Hyperthyroidism)

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15
Q

A useful indication of diffuse thyroid enlargement is when the isthmus measures greater than _____

A

1 cm

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16
Q

Spectral Doppler demostrate peak velocites of thyroid inferno exceeding _____ cm/sec

A

70 cm/sec

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17
Q

The most common presentation of thyroiditis is ____

A

hypothyroidism

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18
Q

A low grade fever and a sore neck are acute presentations of

A

Thyroiditis

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19
Q

Subacute thyroiditis is also known as _ _____ disease or ______ thyroiditis

A

De Quervain Disease
Granulomatous Thyroiditis

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20
Q

Thyroid enlargement, > 1 cm isthmus, hypoechoic, nodularity and normal or decreased vascularity is the sonographic appearance of _____

A

Acute or Subacute thyroiditis

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21
Q

What is the most common thyroid function disorder?

A

Hypothyroidism

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22
Q

While Primary Hypothyroidism is an abnormality affecting the gland itself, Secondary Hypothyroidism is caused by the ____ or _____ failing to stimulate the thyroid.

A

Hypothalamus or Pituitary

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23
Q

The most common cause of Primary Hypothyroidism is _______ ______

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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24
Q

Weakness, fatigue, dry skin, cold intolerance, hoarseness, weight gain, constipation, menstrual irregularities, and decreased sweating are are all symptoms of ______

A

Hypothyroidism

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25
Q

Fibrotic strands, enlargement and heterogenous thyroid are all sonographic appearances of ______

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

26
Q

Goiters can reach up to ______ g

A

2000 g

27
Q

Non- Toxic Goiters are usually due to a defficiency in _____. Or Hypothyroid, which causes a(n) ____ in iodine, an ____ in T3 and T4, and a(n) ______ in TSH.

A

Iodine
Decrease
Decrease
Increase (to try and make the thyroid work)

28
Q

Toxic goiters are typically ______ and can induce __________

A

Multi-nodular
Hyperthyroidism

29
Q

A plunging goiter extends below the ___ and __

A

Clavicle and sternum

30
Q

True or False: Multinodular goiters are only toxic

A

False: can be toxic or non-toxic

31
Q

True or False: Thyroid size changes in pregnancy

A

True: due to iodine plasma reduction

32
Q

What is the most common condition after abortion, miscarriage or delivery?

A

PPT - Postpartum Thyroiditis
Classic presentation is thyrotoxicosis followed my hypothyroidism
Decreased echogenicity

33
Q

What causes the majority of nodular disease of thyroid?

A

Hyperplasia

34
Q

Thyroid hyperplasia is usually ____ in terms of echotexture. But can turn into cysts if undergoes _____

A

Isoechoic
Liquification

35
Q

Peripheral halo, cystic degeneration and perinodular vascularity are sonographic appearances of _____

A

hyperplasia

36
Q

Solitary thyroid nodules are either cystic or moslty cystic due to ________ or _______

A

Hemorrhage
Degeneration

37
Q

Percutaneous ethanol injection is used for _____ thyroid cysts.

A

Benign

38
Q

A cyst with multiple echogenic foci with comet tail artifact is suspect of this type of cyst

A

Colloid Cyst

39
Q

Hot nodules are often _____ and considered ____-functioning

A

Benign
Hyper-Functioning

40
Q

Cold nodules can be _____, and _____ functioning

A

Malignant
Non-Functioning

41
Q

Thyroid adenomas are ____

A

benign

42
Q

Benign, slow growing, fibrous capsule, solitary nodule derived from follicular cells, usually non0 functioning are suspect of thyroid _____

A

Thyroid Adenoma

43
Q

True or False: Follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas can be differentiated on cytology

A

False

44
Q

Toxic adenomas can cause _____

A

hyperthyroidism

45
Q

“Spoke and Wheel” on colour doppler is indicative of a thyroid ____

A

Adenoma

46
Q

The most common thyroid carcinoma is _____

A

Papillary

47
Q

The second most common thryoid carcinoma is ______

A

Follicular

48
Q

Solid, hypoechoic nodules with microcalcifications < 2mm are indicative of thyroid ______

A

carcinomas

49
Q

When AP measurements are ____ than width measurement, this is suspicious for malignancy.

A

Greater

50
Q

Papillary carcinoma can spread via the ____ system

A

Lymphatic

51
Q

Follicular carcinoma can spread by _____

A

blood

52
Q

True or false: follicular carcinomas and follicular adenomas can be distinguised by FNA

A

False: can be distinguised histologically (remove entire mass to study capsule margins)

53
Q

Thick irregular halo, hypervasculaity, and irregular margins appear in _____ carcinoma

A

follicular

54
Q

Medullary carcinoma is derived from _______ cells. AKA C-cells, which secrete ____

A

Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin

55
Q

This carcinoma is associated with MEN syndrome

A

Medullary Carcinoma

56
Q

This carcinoma invades nearby vasculature, is very aggressive, is widespread mets, and has no effective treatment

A

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

57
Q

This carcinoma is most common in this sex ___ and is formed from thyroglobulin producing cells

A

Hurthle cell
Males

58
Q

Serum calcitonin can be used as a tumour marker for which type of thyroid carcinoma?

A

Medullary

59
Q

Most thyroid lymphoma arises from chronic _____ also known as Hashimoto

A

Thyroiditis

60
Q

Most common mets to thyroid are ___, ___, ___ and ___ cell carcinoma.

A

Melanoma
Breast
Lung
Renal

61
Q

Round, hypoechoic , absence of fatty hilum, cystic necrosis, and increasing size are sono appearances of ______

A

Lymphadenopathy

MIDS 227 - Pediatric & Superficial Structures (13 decks)

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