Unit 2A - People and Where They Live Flashcards

Question

Population Pyramid Structure | Wide base = ...

Answer 1

Low life expectancy

Answer 2

High life expectancy

Answer 3

Few elderly citizens

Answer 4

Many elderly citizens

Answer 5

Emmigration

Answer 6

Immigration

Answer 7

0-15, and 65+

Answer 8

This will show us the % of the population dependant on the rest of society

Answer 9

Dependancy ratio = Youth dependant + Age dependant/ working popn x100

Answer 10

+ People leave, pressure off the unemployment rate + Remittances, improved economy + Workers only spend a few years away, bring money and skills back when they return + Reduced pressure on services, allowing the government to concentrate on essential services + Migrants who return, increased knowledge, skills, enriching the Turkish population

Answer 11

- The people who migrate are often the more educated and skilled workers, so the country experiences a 'brain drain' - Productivity and innovation declines, as those who are left are less skilled - Reduction in services, as the economically active are leaving - Many traditional Turkish people are concerned that the increased global attitude of their people is diluting the Turkish religious beliefs and cultural traditions

Answer 12

+ Turkish immigrants provided a cheap, skilled workforce, which assisted labour shortage after WW2 + Increased cheap labour allowed rapid expansion of German manufacturing + The Turkish people usually take on jobs that the Germans do not want (Hairdressing, cleaning and driving buses. This provides low cost personal services for the German population + Promotes cultural diversity +Germany has the lowest fertility rate in EU. Migrants are usually younger and will have children, stabilising the BR

Answer 13

- In 1967 and 1990, recession led to unemployment. Many Germans lost jobs, Turks remained employed in their lower paid jobs. This fuelled social and ethnic conflict - More money is spent on translation services, more leaflets are needed in Turkish, students in schools who do not speak German as their first language - In the early 1990's a number of racial/ethnic attacks on Turkish people led to concerns over social problems in Germany - Many migrant workers who lived in Germany wanted citizenship but had to wait a long time

Answer 14

Cohorts, years of five

Answer 15

Percentage | Raw numbers

Answer 16

The process of an increasing % of people living in towns and cities

Answer 17

Factors that push people out of the countryside

Answer 18

Factors that pull people into cities

Answer 19

Famine No jobs No schools No land

Answer 20

Jobs Hospitals Schools Better oppourtunities

Answer 21

More young people move into the city and start a family. Therefore the BR rises due to more births but also because of the better medical care provided. Furthermore, the death rate (number of deaths per 1000 people) will decrease because of the increased population size accompanied with the better medical facilities. This will in turn create a natural increase in population in that specific area.

Answer 22

Rural/urban migration from the south International migration from Europe High natural increase in population, cause by the BR exceeding the DR

Answer 23

Employment, 50% of Brazil's industry is in or around Sao Paulo Good transport links Perception that city work is better and easier

Answer 24

Farming is hard, badly paid Poor services compared to city Famines and drought are difficult in rural areas

Answer 25

A 'favela' is the name given to a spontaneous settlement in Brazil

Answer 26

Paraisopolis

Answer 27

20,000 households | Popn over 100,000

Answer 28

``` City = increased by 15.7% Favelas = increased by 57% ```

Answer 29

Traffic infrastructures can't keep up with the urban growth in the city Transport facilities are not sufficient Congestion and traffic jams are huge problems, leads to noise and air pollution

Answer 30

Basic services are limited with access to electricity, clean water, schools and doctors sporadic Sewage can contaminate the water supply leading to health issues such as typhoid and dysentery Diseases can spread quickly through overcrowded conditions few people can afford medical attention

Answer 31

``` Services Employment Segregation - Economic Segregation Housing - Inequality Crime Pollution ```

Answer 32

The inner city urban planning scheme aims to regenerate/improve housing/employment/environment

Answer 33

75 hectares in Belfast's inner city 10 mins from CBD East bank of river Lagan On the site of Harland and Wolff which was disused/derelect by 1990's

Answer 34

£5 Billion

Answer 35

Taking action to try and give an area new life by improving buildings, transport and creating jobs

Answer 36

Citigroup | Microsoft

Answer 37

1.5km of waterfront has been created with the addition of parks, walkways, shops and restaurants in the area Derelict site at the Belfast Gas has been decontaminated

Answer 38

A sustainable settlement is one which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Answer 39

Redevelopment is when an area is demolished and redesigned.

Answer 40

Regeneration happens when an area is being upgraded. The aim is to improve the social and economic look of a place. It usually happens in an area where there is dereliction, pollution or out migration. It might allow some buildings to be restored, for example old buildings being repurposed for a different use.

Answer 41

- Manage resources, such as oil and forests, as effectively as possible - Increase opportunities for recycling and reusing materials - Ensure that the city grows in ways that minimise damage to wildlife and the countryside - Source more resources, such as food, from the local area 1. Manage resources effectively 2. Increase opportunities for RRR 3. Minimising damage to the environment as a direct result of city growth 4. Source resources locally

Answer 42

Society and people 1. The apartments built in Titanic Quarter provide more housing units than individually spaced out houses, giving the development a smaller 'urban footprint'. Generally, compact housing also reduces heating bills, and allows services such as access to water and bin collections to be shared. These factors combine to make the residential development more sustainable. 2. The modern construction is designed to provide a light and attractive environment within which to live and work. If people enjoy their living space, they are more likely to take pride in their area, encouraging a sense of community and safety in the urban landscape. If people feel safe in their environment they are also more likely to walk and drive around the area, improving social links.

Answer 43

Economic 1. Long term employment opportunities are available nearby, for example, in the Belfast Metropolitan College or the Public Record Office for Northern Ireland. This reduces the distance people will have to travel for work and limits the need for personal transport. 2. The area plan incorporates plans for both social and gentrified housing, allowing people with various incomes to live in the area close to their employment.

Answer 44

1. The land in Belfast harbour area was previously used for industry and its regeneration removes much of the old waste and pollution. It is also more sustainable to reuse this land than develop green field sites at the edge of the city 2. The land is used for a variety of purposes, such as residential, economic and retailing, all in close proximity. This reduces the need for transport by car, as movement around the area is easiest by foot, bus and bicycle. 3. The developers of Titanic Quarter are committed to the reduction of waste and the recycling of waste materials. New initiatives for refuse collection and recycling are being trailed and implemented. 4. New developments in green technologies will potentially allow Titanic Quarter to develop alternative energy sources such as solar and wind power.

Answer 45

Postcodes Land use Broadband customers

Answer 46

This is when people move from one place to another within the boundaries of a national country.

Answer 47

Gentrification is when an area is demolished and redesigned. However, the aim is that the original residents will not move back into the area. Instead, it aims to attract different, richer people, by building new, more expensive accommodation.

Answer 48

This is when people move from one country to another country internationally.

Answer 49

31,021 (Approx. 31,000)

Answer 50

A population pyramid is a graph that can be used to show the specific age breakdown of a population.

Answer 51

1. Care for the elderly: As people get older they might not be able to look after themselves as well as they once could. All of this care can be quite expensive. 2. Impact on family life: As life expectancies increase, older family members are going to live longer and this can put pressure on family life. 3. Medical issues: As medicine advances it provides more cures and improved methods of treatment for illnesses that previously claimed people earlier in their lives. People are now living long enough to suffer from 'degenerative' or long term illnesses (such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease). 4. Loneliness: Many elderly people end up living alone when their partner dies. 5. Ageism: Some elderly people people who reach the age of 65 or 66 would prefer to continue to work but due to corporate or government policy they may be forced to retire. Some older workers also find it difficult to get another job and can face bias due to their age. 6. Security: Some older people feel more vulnerable to crime and vandalism.

Answer 52

1. Residential care: The government needs to set aside an increased amount of money to create and maintain residential accommodation for elderly people. As people live for longer their needs will change and they will require greater access to ground floor accommodation, lifts, single storey houses or sheltered accommodation. 2. Health care: Quality healthcare for elderly people can be expensive. The government needs to set aside an increased amount of money to cover prescriptions, dental treatment, home visits and home help. 3. Benefits: Each elderly person receives a state pension. Thirty years ago, when life expectancies were lower, it was common for a man to retire at 65, claim his pension for 7 years and die around age 72. However, today a man who retires at 65 might live on to 82 years and the government has to pay out the pension for an additional 10 years. The problem for women is further compounded, as until very recently the retirement age for women was 60, so a typical woman might be claiming a pension for up to 30 years. Other benefits such as free public transport, TV licences and winter fuel allowances also add to the financial burden.

Answer 53

1. Lifestyle: Many of these children are born into a life cycle of poverty, which is nearly impossible to break. With larger families, any property and possessions have to be shared amongst more people and each child receives less. 2. Care for young people: Many young people have been made orphans by the death of their parents due to HIV/AIDS, Malaria or Tuberculosis. Orphanages will need to be set up to help look after these children. 3. Overcrowding: In many cases there are too many children living in small and cramped conditions, which can allow illness and disease to spread. 4. Medical issues: There are few doctors or hospitals in most LEDCs and as a result people often die from relatively straightforward illnesses. Children cannot afford even the most basic medicines. There is no 'free' healthcare in the majority of countries and many children suffer as there is no one to look after them properly. Access to hospitals is extremely limited and many people have to travel long distances to reach them. 5. Opportunities/Education: Few children in LEDCs have the opportunity of an education and cannot read or write. They find it very difficult to get 'formal' jobs, preventing them from improving their living conditions. They remain poor through their lives, are often unemployed, forced to remain in squalid conditions in slums and shanty towns, and some turn to crime and vandalism.

Answer 54

1. Education: Many LEDCs were struggling to educate their population even before the population expansion. Now, the few resources that were available for schools and universities have to be stretched much further. 2. Healthcare: Many people cannot afford even the most basic healthcare and they rely on patchy government support or aid agencies to help them. Medicines are basic and can be expensive. 3. Opportunities: There is a severe lack of jobs and opportunities for people in LEDCs. With a massive increase in the population, the children will all grow up together and be looking for the same jobs. This means that many will go into the informal sector or be forced into a life of crime.

Answer 55

A settlement is a place where people live and work.

Answer 56

The site of a settlement describes the exact place where a city, town or village might be located.

Answer 57

The location or situation of a settlement is where the settlement is located with reference to what surrounds it. These surroundings include its physical features, its communication links and its neighbouring settlement.

Answer 58

``` Wet point site Dry point site Building materials Defence Fuel supply Food supply Nodal point Bridging points Shelter and aspect ```

Answer 59

Population size Function, high and low order Range Threshold

Answer 60

``` Conurbation City Large town Small town Village Hamlet Isolated dwelling ``` * Increasing settlement size, population and number of services * Decreasing frequency of each type of settlement CCLSVHI ``` Crazy Creatures Let Small Vampires Hire Igloos ```

Answer 61

The population size is the number of people who live in an area. The population of a place indicates which category it belongs to.

Answer 62

The function of a settlement relates to its economic and social development, and refers to its main activities. Today, most larger settlements tend to be multifunctional (they have several functions), although one or two functions might be more important than others.

Answer 63

``` Market town Mining town Industrial town Port Route centre Service centre Cultural/religious settlement Administrative centre Residential town Tourist resort ```

Answer 64

The range is the maximum distance that people will be prepared to travel to obtain a service. As discussed above, people will travel further for high order goods or services than for low order ones. Therefore, the higher the number and complexity of the goods and services that a place provides determines its appeal to people and the distance they will travel to reach it. The sphere of influence (or market area) is the area that is served by a particular place. This area depends on the size and services of a town and the level of competition from rival settlements.

Answer 65

The threshold is the number of people that are needed to ensure that there is enough demand for a particular service. Increasingly, high street shops will do a population threshold analysis before deciding to set up a shop in a particular place.

Answer 66

``` CBD (Central Business District) Inner city residential Inner city industrial Suburban residential Rural-urban fringe ```

Answer 67

Central Business District (CBD) The central downtown area contains the main commercial streets and public buildings. This is the core of the city's business and civic life and is the place where business and retail meet. In the past, the CBD was an area of varied and competing land-use, but over the years the rising value of CBD land and property has forced out most of the residential and industrial users. Peak land values occur at the centre, where there are department stores, supermarkets, and headquarters and offices for companies with large turnovers and high profits. The smaller trader is forced out to the edge of the CBD. The CBD is an area where vehicle traffic and pedestrian traffic is likely to be most concentrated.

Answer 68

As factories grew, so too did the number of houses that were needed for their workers. People could not afford transport costs so they needed to live within walking distance of their place of work. In many cases, it was actually the factory owners who built and owned the buildings that their workers would live in. This meant that losing your job meant losing your house as well. In recent times, industry has started to locate to 'brown-field' sites in redeveloped parts of the city or to 'green-field' sites that are in the rural-urban fringe, where industry has space to grow and develop.

Answer 69

Most old cities in the UK grew up because of heavy industries near the CBD. The inner city was the main source of income for the city. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries many people migrated into cities to work in new factories in the inner city areas that generally surrounded the CBD. Many of the streets in inner cities were built up with terraced houses that were close to the main source of employment or factory.

Answer 70

Residential areas account for the largest single use of land area in any city (about 45% of the total area in towns over 10,000 people in the UK). Large-scale suburban residential development took place in most cities throughout the twentieth century. Some of this started in cities as early as the 1920s and much of it was fuelled by the increase in car ownership and public transport. People no longer had to live within walking distance of where they worked and could move to houses with more space at the edge of the city. People wanted to access to better, bigger homes, with more space to allow their families to grow.

Answer 71

From the 1960s, many people had increased disposable income and they wanted more from where they lived. They wanted more than the '2-up-2-down' houses that they had been brought up in, desiring more rooms and green space. Urban sprawl continued, with land in these areas being used for private developments or outer-city council housing estates. Many of these houses were of a high quality, with lots of space and no pollution. Transport costs were high but people who lived here were often able to afford a car, if not two, for personal transport. The city was continuing to expand into the countryside and the boundary between the urban and rural area was rapidly becoming blurred. In many cases, big multi-tenant shopping centres were also built in this area because the land was much cheaper than in the CBD and it had become accessible to the increasing numbers living in the fringe. In recent years, industry has started to relocate here as well, in order to avoid the high costs and congestion of the inner city.

Answer 72

The process of urbanisation is when people move from rural (countryside) areas into urban (town or city) areas. This is a migration move which increases the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

Answer 73

Rural 'push' factors Many people leave the countryside because they feel forced out of these areas because: * There are few employment opportunities * There is pressure on the land (for example, the division of the land amongst children means that each area of land is too small to live on) * Many families do not own land * There is overpopulation, resulting in high birth rates * People are starving, either due to too little output from the farm or crop failure and drought * Food production is limited due to overgrazing, which has led to soil erosion * Mechanisation means that there is less need for labour on the farms * Farming can be hard work with little reward. In LEDCs this lack of money means a lack of machinery, pesticides and fertiliser * Local communities (for example, Amazon Amerindias) are forced to move due to pressures of farming and logging * There are few services (schools and hospitals) * There is little investment by the government in rural areas

Answer 74

Urban 'pull' factors Many people are attracted to cities because: * They are looking for better paid jobs * They want better housing and a higher standard of living * They want access to better services (such as schools and hospitals) * There are more reliable food supplies * Religious and political activities can be carried out more safely in larger cities due to 'safety in numbers'

Answer 75

Push factors Pull factors Natural increase

Answer 76

Many MEDC countries have reached their threshold in relation to urbanisation and some people have started to move back into the countryside from the urban areas.

Answer 77

The people who migrate into the city are generally young (and fertile), and once they have become settled, they often have children. This increased birth rate within the city leads to an increase in a proportion of the population in that area, and the children often grow up and remain in that area, thus contributing to urbanisation.

Answer 78

Contour lines Colour coded/shaded regions Specified grid reference location Triangulation pillar

Answer 79

Lines which join areas of equal height/altitude

Answer 80

The bottom corner of the square

Answer 81

Inner city residential, this zone was primarily used for housing for low income workers who were employed in factories or in industry within the inner city industrial zone.