Unit 2.3 Biodiversity And Evolution Flashcards

Question

Name 3 features of protoctists

Answer 1

- Eukaryotes - Mostly single called - Show a wide variety of forms - Show various plant-like or animal-like features - Mostly free-living - Have autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition

Answer 2

- Eukaryotes - Have a mycelium, which consists of hyphae - Have walls made of chitin - Have cytoplasm that is multinucleate - Mostly free-living and saprotrophic (cause decay of organic matter)

Answer 3

- Eukaryotes - Multicellular - Have cells surrounded by a cellulose cell wall - Have autotrophic nutrition

Answer 4

- Eukaryotes - Multicellular - Have heterotrophic nutrition - Have fertilised eggs that develop into a ball of cells called blastula - High degree of mobility

Answer 5

- For our convenience - To make the study of living things more manageable - To make it easier to identify organisms - To help us see the relationships between species

Answer 6

There are 8 taxa: - Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

Answer 7

The study of the principles behind classification

Answer 8

- Bacteria (eubacteria) - Archaea (archaebacteria) - Eukaryotae

Answer 9

A system that uses 2 names to identify each species: | - The genus name and the species name

Answer 10

- Latin is used as a universal language in the binomial system - So whenever a species is named, it is given a universal name - Every scientist in every country will use the same name - This avoids the potential confusion caused by using common names

Answer 11

- Put it in italics if typed, or underline it if handwritten | - Use a capital letter for the first letter of the genus name

Answer 12

To check that the development will not harm the environment too much

Answer 13

- When carrying out an EIA, scientists need to know what species are present in the area - If there is a species that is very rare, then losing that habitat would have a major impact on that species and on the environment

Answer 14

- A way of identifying and naming a specimen you have found - It uses a series of questions with 2 alternative answers - The answer to each question leads you to another question - Eventually the answers will lead you to the name of the specimen

Answer 15

The study of how living things work

Answer 16

- Evidence from biochemistry can help to determine how closely related 1 species is to another - Certain large biochemical molecules are found in all living things, but they may not be identical in all living things - The differences reflect the evolutionary relationships

Answer 17

- This protein is used in the process of respiration, but it is not identical in all species - Proteins are large molecules made from a chain of smaller units called amino acids - The amino acids in cytochrome c can be identified - If we compare the sequence of amino acids in samples of cytochrome c from 2 different species, we can draw certain conclusions: • If the sequences are the same, the 2 species must be closely related • If the sequences are different, the 2 species are not so closely related • The more differences found between the sequences, the less closely related the 2 species

Answer 18

All organisms use DNA or RNA. DNA always provides the genetic code, which means that a particular piece of DNA or RNA codes for the same protein in a bacterium as in any other organism. - DNA sequences can be compared - The more similar the sequence, the more closely related the 2 species are

Answer 19

Bacteria have: - A different cell membrane structure - Flagella with a different internal structure - Different enzymes for building RNA - No proteins bound to their genetic material - Different mechanisms for DNA replication and building RNA

Answer 20

- Similar enzymes for building RNA - Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and building RNA - Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA

Answer 21

The presence of differences between individuals

Answer 22

By differences between the genes and the combination of genes or alleles

Answer 23

- Continuous | - Discontinuous

Answer 24

- Variation in which there is a full range of intermediate phenotypes (values) between 2 extremes - Most individuals are close to the mean value - The number of individuals at the extremes is low

Answer 25

- Variation in which there are discrete groups of phenotypes with no or very few individuals in between - The members of a species may be evenly distributed between the different forms, or there may be more of 1 type than the other

Answer 26

- Variation caused by the environment, such as diet. | - Not all our genes are active at 1 time, but changes in the environment affect which genes are active

Answer 27

Environmental variation is limited by your genes

Answer 28

A feature that enhances survival and long-term reproductive success

Answer 29

- Behavioural - Physiological/biochemical - ensures the correct functioning of cell processes - Anatomical - a structural adaptation

Answer 30

Plants that are adapted to living in very dry conditions

Answer 31

- Some close their stomata when little water is available, which conserves water so that they do not wilt - Some open their stomata only at night, which conserves water because less will be lost from the leaves at night when it is cooler and the air is more humid - Some fold or roll their leaves when water is in short supply. This traps moist air in the folded leaves, so it reduces the water vapour potential gradient for diffusion out of the leaf, reducing water loss - Some open their stomata when they are short of water, which causes the leaves to wilt and exposes less surface area to the sun

Answer 32

The mechanisms by which a plant can open or close its stomata, fold its leaves or store water

Answer 33

- The roots may be shallow, but spread out over a wide area, allowing a plant to absorb a lot of water when it is available - The roots may be very long, enabling the plant to reach water that is deep underground - The stem or leaves may be fleshy (an adaptation to store water) - The leaves may be reduced in size, reducing the surface area for evaporation - The leaves may be very waxy, so moisture can leave the leaf only through the stomata - The leaves may be curled, folded, hairy, or have their stomata sunk in pits. These adaptations trap a layer of moist air next to the stomata, reducing the water potential gradient for water vapour to diffuse into the atmosphere, reducing water loss by transpiration.

Answer 34

Insects develop insecticide resistance. Harm unintented species. Ethically wrong.

Answer 35

Randomly sample areas before and after insecticide is used, using a sweet net technique. Sample at different times of day, and have at least 5 samples. Use the same technique of counting the insects. Use the capture-recapture technique. Calculate the mean.

Answer 36

Differences within a species

Answer 37

Only a small number have been sampled, individuals sampled may not be representative and individuals sampled from one area may be different from average of the whole population

Answer 38

``` Seeds can be collected from the wild without damaging habitat. Plants produce an excess of seeds. They can stored for a long time. They take up little space. Store large numbers. Cheaper to transport. ```

Answer 39

Increase gene pool. Reduced chance of disease affecting whole population. Reduces chance of inbreeding. Maintain geographical variation.

Answer 40

Have untreatable illnesses. Potential pandemic. Developing new antibiotics is expensive

Answer 41

Fossils show organisms have changed over time. Fossils can be dated. Fossils show intermediate forms.

Answer 42

The selection by the environment of particular individuals that show certain variations. These individuals will survive to reproduce and pass on their variations to the next generation.

Answer 43

The formation of a new species

Answer 44

It generally takes many generations, because it is a long, slow accumulation of changes

Answer 45

There must be a reproductive barrier, so that some organisms are unable to breed with others in the group: - Variations or changes that provide a benefit spread down the generations in a population through reproduction - If changes occur in part of the group, but cannot spread to the whole group, then only part of the group will benefit - A collection of small changes that cannot pass to the whole group means that some members become different to the rest - They may become so different that they can no longer interbreed

Answer 46

Speciation due to organisms of a species being separated by geographical barriers so that over time members of the 2 populations become so different that they cannot interbreed and are considered to be 2 different species

Answer 47

Speciation that occurs within one area - some factor other than geographical separation has prevented free interbreeding between members of the species

Answer 48

Based on DNA Domain divides into kingdoms. Domain reflects differences between bacteria and archaea such as DNA replication Eukaryote domains are grouped from kingdoms Protoctists, plants, animals, and fungi - they all have nucleus's. Prokaryotes are in the same kingdom

Answer 49

Continuous - effect of many genes Quantiative - range of intermediate values Discontinuous - few genes with no environmental effect and no intermediates

Answer 50

Loss of genetic diversity and genes, so lose gene for resistance to disease. We don't know what crops will be needed in the future.

Answer 51

They promote the growth of one species. Other plants are out competed.

Answer 52

Habitats destroyed due to deforestation. Drugs from these plants. Biodiversity is reducing.

Answer 53

Strong, flexible and not elastic

Answer 54

Unrepresentative data Not random Over - estimate of biodiversity

Answer 55

Placing organisms into groups based on similarities.

Answer 56

The biodiversity of the ecosystem. If there are endangered species present. Rarity of habitat. Current legal status eg National Park.

Answer 57

They have a similar appearance. | They have a common ancestor.

Answer 58

To increase genetic biodiversity. Reduce risk of inbreeding. Geographical variation. Less risk to lose to disease.

Answer 59

Resistance is the selection pressure. Those fungus that are suspeptable are killed but the fungus that overcome the resistance due to a random mutuation causing genetic variation, survive. They reproduce passing on their characteristics to their offspring.

Answer 60

- Offspring generally appear similar to their parents - No two individuals are identical - Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring - Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size

Answer 61

- There is a struggle to survive - Better adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics - Over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species

Answer 62

There are gaps in the record, so it is incomplete: - Usually only the hard parts of an organism survive to become a fossil - Many living things don't have any hard parts, so they leave no fossils - Also fossils only form under certain conditions - After they have formed, they can still be damaged or destroyed by movements of the rocks

Answer 63

If one species gives rise to another, both are likely to have the same biological molecules - Certain molecules are found throughout the living world - 2 closely related species will have evolved recently as separate species, so the biological molecules in each are likely to be identical or similar - In species that took separate evolutionary paths a long time ago, the biological molecules are likely to differ more

Answer 64

Vital proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are found in all living things - The central part of these proteins is very similar across all living groups - Higher organisms have added extra subunits, which do not affect the basic function of the enzyme but they appear to improve the regulation of its action Cytochrome c - The sequence of amino acids in cytochrome c can be compared - The number of changes is greater for species that are very different

Answer 65

- Genes can be compared by sequencing the bases in DNA | - This shows that closely related species evolved relatively recently as separate species

Answer 66

- A population of the species migrates to a new environment - An environmental change affects only some populations of the species - There is a reproductive barrier preventing some populations of the species from interbreeding

Answer 67

Pesticides that are designed to kill insects

Answer 68

- It applies a very strong selection pressure - If the individual insect is susceptible, it will die - If it has some form of resistance, the individual will survive - This will allow it to reproduce and pass on the resistance characteristic - So the resistance quickly spreads through the whole population

Answer 69

- The insects may be able to break down the insecticide using enzymes (they metabolise them) - The target receptor protein on the cell membrane may be modified

Answer 70

- If insects are resistant, they survive applications of these chemicals - The insects may then be eaten by their predators - The predators receive a larger dose of the insecticide - It is quite possible for the insecticide to move all the way up the food chain

Answer 71

- When you take antibiotics, most of the bacteria are killed - But there may be one, or a few, that are resistant to the antibiotic - They are rarely completely unaffected by the antibiotic, but they are more resistant than most - Once most of the bacteria have been killed, you tend to feel better, so many people stop taking the antibiotics before they have finished the prescribed course - This allows the resistant bacteria to survive and reproduce to create a resistant strain of bacteria - Overuse and incorrect use of antibiotics has led to strains of bacteria resistant to virtually all the antibiotics in use

Answer 72

- We have learned to use the environment to our advantage - Our numbers have risen dramatically and continue to rise - We are using more and more of the Earth's resources - Our activities often harm other species, either directly or indirectly - Loss of biodiversity occurs - Extinction may occur

Answer 73

When a species ceases to exist

Answer 74

- Hunting for food (over-harvesting) - Killing for protection (e.g. Insects that are vectors of disease) - Killing to remove other competitors for our food (e.g. Use of pesticides to kill insects, fungi and other pests) - Pollution - Habitat destruction (e.g. Deforestation) - Inadvertent introduction of new predators and competitors to natural flora and fauna

Answer 75

Evolution has provided answers to many technological problems Natural ecosystems perform processes that are of value to humans: - Regulation of the atmosphere and climate - Purification and retention of fresh water - Formation and fertilisation of soil - Recycling of nutrients - Detoxification and recycling of wastes - Crop pollination - Growth of timber, food and fuel All living organisms have the right to survive and to live in the way for which they have become adapted

Answer 76

- Changes in the climate - Increase in levels of pollution - Emergence of new diseases - Arrival of new pests

Answer 77

It makes it possible for a species to evolve, because they can adapt to changes in the environment

Answer 78

The sum total and variety of all the genes in a population or species at a given time

Answer 79

- When we clear natural vegetation, we reduce the size of natural habitats and reduce the population size of any species living in those habitats - This reduces the overall gene pool for the species - This decreases the genetic variation and hence the ability of the species to evolve

Answer 80

It uses monoculture and selective breeding: - This reduces the variation and genetic diversity of domesticated plants and animals - It also leads to the extinction of some varieties within a species

Answer 81

The loss of genetic variation due to (artificial) selection or habitat loss

Answer 82

- They are unable to evolve - As the climate changes, they will be unable to adapt to the changes in temperature and rainfall in the area where they live - The only alternative will be for them to move - Plant and animal populations can move with changing conditions

Answer 83

- Major human developments - Agricultural land - Large bodies of water - Humans

Answer 84

- Higher carbon dioxide levels altering photosynthesis - Higher temperatures increasing growth rate - Longer growing seasons - Greater evaporation of water and therefore greater precipitation - A change in the distribution of precipitation - Loss of land due to rise in sea level and increased salinity of soil

Answer 85

- Crops being grown in new areas will encounter new diseases and pests - Higher temperatures may provide a longer growing season for crops, but the pests will also have more time in which to increase in numbers - More species of pests and diseases may be able to overwinter successfully and cause greater infestations earlier in the year Human diseases will also migrate

Answer 86

If biodiversity declines, then genetic diversity will also decline - This means at we could lose the natural solution to some of our problem Wild animals and plants may hold the answers to problems caused by climate change: - Populations of wild pants growing in an area have had thousands of years to evolve - They have adapted to overcome the problems presented by the environment - They may also have adapted to the pests and diseases found in that area - By careful selection and breeding from wild species, we may be able to breed new crop varieties that can cope with the new conditions created by climate change The number of potential new medicines to be found in wild plants is unknown The range of possible vaccines that could be developed from wild microorganisms is also unknown

Answer 87

The conservation of a species within its normal environment

Answer 88

It minimises human impact on the natural environment and protecting the natural environment

Answer 89

- Plants and animals are conserved in their natural environment - It permanently protects biodiversity and representative examples of ecosystems - It permanently protects significant elements of natural and cultural heritage - It allows management of these areas to ensure that ecological integrity is maintained - It provides opportunities for ecologically sustainable land uses, including traditional heritage activities and the associated economic benefits - It facilitates scientific research - It may be possible to restore the ecological integrity of the area

Answer 90

- Protected animals coming out of the reserve to raid crops - People continuing to hunt protected animals for food - Illegal harvesting of timber and other plant products - Tourists feeding protected animals or leaving litter

Answer 91

The conservation of an endangered species by activities that take place outside its natural environment

Answer 92

- It can increase the numbers of individuals in an endangered species - It can also enable repopulation by introducing captive-bred animals to the wild

Answer 93

- Expensive - The animals are often not in their natural environment and many animals fail to breed successfully - Space is limited and this limits the number of individuals, which restricts the genetic diversity - A decrease in the genetic diversity of a population results in a lack of variation - This means the species is less able to adapt to changing conditions, which can affect animals' ability to breed successfully - Even if reproduction is successful the animals have to survive reintroduction to the wild, where they need to find food and survive predation - There can also be difficulties with acceptance by the existing wild members of their species

Answer 94

- Sperm freezing - IVF - Artificial insemination - Embryo-transfer

Answer 95

- As part of their life cycle, most plants naturally have a dormant stage (the seed) - As seeds are produced in large numbers, they can be collected from the wild without causing too much disturbance to the ecosystem or damaging the wild population - These seeds can be stored in huge numbers (they don't take up much space) and germinated in protected surroundings - Plants can often be bred asexually - The botanical garden can increase the numbers of individuals very quickly, providing an ample supply of individuals for research - The captive-bred individuals can be replanted in the wild

Answer 96

- Any collection of wild seeds will cause some disturbance - The collected samples may not hold a representative selection of genetic diversity - Seeds collected from the same species from another area will be genetically different and may not succeed in a different area - Seeds stored for any length of time may not be viable - Plants bred asexually will be genetically identical, reducing genetic diversity further - Conclusions from research based on a small sample may not be valid for the whole species

Answer 97

A collection of seed samples

Answer 98

- They contain seeds that can remain viable for decades and possibly hundreds of years - The seeds are not simply being stored - Some of them are being used to provide a wide range of benefits to humanity: • food and building materials for rural communities • disease-resistant crops for agriculture - They can also be used for habitat reclamation and repopulation

Answer 99

In very dry or freezing conditions: - they are resistant to desiccation - the level of moisture in each has a direct effect on storage - for every 1% decrease in seed moisture level, the life span doubles - for every 5% reduction in temperature, the life span also doubles

Answer 100

To ensure that stored seeds have not died and are able to germinate

Answer 101

- They 'plant' the seeds in Petri dishes of nutrient agar and keep them in controlled conditions - Scientists measure the germination rate (% of seeds that germinate) and the success of germination - This enables scientists to monitor the condition of the stored seeds

Answer 102

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Answer 103

- Regulate and monitor international trade in selected species of plants and animals - Ensure that international trade does not endanger the survival of populations in the wild - Ensure that trade in wild plants in prohibited for commercial use - Ensure that trade in artificially propagated plants is allowed, subject to permit - Ensure that some slightly less endangered wild species may be traded subject to a permit, as agreed between the exporting and importing countries

Answer 104

- Conservation of biological diversity - Sustainable use of its components - Appropriate shared access to genetic resources - Appropriate sharing and transfer of scientific knowledge and technologies - Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources

Answer 105

A procedure to assess the likely significant effects that a proposed development may have on the environment

Answer 106

- Avoid or minimise any significant adverse affects on the biological diversity of an area - Ensure that any potential environmental consequences of a development are taken into account - Promote the exchange of information, consultation + notification of any development that might affect another partner state - Promote the notification of any grave danger or damage to biological diversity that may affect another partner state - Promote arrangements for emergency responses to activities or events that present a grave and imminent danger to biological diversity

Answer 107

- Size of the development - Environmental sensitivity of the location - Types of impact expected

Answer 108

- The developer compiles an environmental statement, which includes an assessment of local biodiversity and the effect the development is likely to have on biodiversity - The environmental statement is publicised - The authority takes it into account when making a planning decision

Answer 109

- Variation must occur before evolution can take place - There is a random genetic mutation - Once variety exists, then the environment can 'select'. It will select those variations that give an advantage - Individuals with an advantage will survive and reproduce - Therefore they pass on their advantageous characteristics (inheritance) - The next generation will be better adapted to their environment. Over time, the group of organisms becomes well adapted to its environment (adaptation)

Unit 2.3 Biodiversity And Evolution Flashcards

(133 cards)