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Higher Human Biology Unit 2 > Unit 2.2 Hormonal Control of Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 2.2 Hormonal Control of Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that take information around the body

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2
Q

What do target tissues have so only that tissue is affected by the hormone

A

Target tissues have : cells with complementary receptor proteins - for specific hormones, so only that tissue is affected

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3
Q

How do hormones travel

A

By the bloodstream

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4
Q

What do hormones control in reproduction

A
  • the onset of puberty
  • sperm production
  • the menstrual cycle
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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus do at puberty

A

Secretes a releaser hormone whose target is the pituitary gland

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6
Q

How does the pituitary gland respond to the releaser hormone

A

By producing 2 hormones ( FSH + ICSH in males // FSH + LH in females)

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7
Q

What is FSH

A

A follicle stimulating hormone

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8
Q

What is ICSH

A

An interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

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9
Q

What is LH

A

A luteinising hormone

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10
Q

What do the release of hormones by the pituitary gland trigger

A

The onset of sperm production (males) and the menstrual cycle (females)

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11
Q

What does FSH do (males)

A

Promotes sperm production in the seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

What does ICSH do

A

Stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

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13
Q

What does testosterone do

A
  • stimulates sperm production
  • activates the seminal vesicles & prostate gland to produce secretions (fluids)
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14
Q

What is negative feedback control

A

The body had self-regulating mechanisms called negative feedback, allowing the body to correct changes. When a factor affecting the body’s internal environment deviates from its norm (set point) the body responds to correct the change)

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15
Q

Example of negative feedback control

A

As testosterone concentration builds up in bloodstream it reaches a level that inhibits FSH & ICSH secretion.
This leads to a decrease in testosterone concentration.
So, the pituitary gland releases FSH & ICSH again.

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16
Q

What does FSH (females)

A
  • Stimulates the development & maturation of each follicle.
  • Stimulates the ovary to secrete oestrogen by the follicle in the follicular phase
17
Q

What does LH do

A

-Triggers ovulation
-Brings about development of the corpus luteum from the follicle, the corpus luteum then secretes progesterone

18
Q

What are the ovarian hormones

A

Oestrogen & Progesterone

19
Q

What does oestrogen stimulate

A

The proliferation (cell division) of the endometrium (inner layer of the uterus). This prepares the uterus for implantation of an embryo

20
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen stimulate

A

The cells lining the cervix to secrete a watery mucus making it more easily penetrated by sperm

21
Q

What do peak levels of oestrogen stimulate

A

-A surge in the secretion of LH which triggers ovulation.
-The production of LH by the pituitary.

22
Q

What does the follicle do in the luteal phase

A

Develops into a corpus luteum & secretes progesterone

23
Q

What does progesterone promote

A

The further development & vascularisation of the endometrium, preparing it for implantation if fertilisation occurs

24
Q

Vascularisation meaning

A

Formation of blood vessels

25
Q

Proliferation meaning

A

Cell division

26
Q

Endometrium meaning

A

The inner layer of the uterus

27
Q

What prevents further follicles from developing

A

The negative feedback effect of the ovarian hormones on the pituitary gland & the secretion of FSH & LH

28
Q

What does a lack of LH lead to

A

Degeneration of the corpus luteum with a subsequent drop in progesterone levels, leading to menstruation

29
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum & progesterone if fertilisation occurs

A

The corpus luteum does not degenerate & progesterone levels remain high

30
Q

What 2 hormones does progesterone inhibit

A

FSH & LH by the pituitary gland

31
Q

What happens once a month for menstruation

A

An egg is released from the ovary and passes down the oviduct. During this time the lining of the uterus has to repair and enrich in the event the egg is fertilised

32
Q

What happens to the uterus if no sperm encounter the egg

A

The uterus lining breaks down & passes out of the body

33
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle

A

28 days (first day of menstruation is day 1)

34
Q

What does the ovary secrete in the menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen

35
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete in the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone

36
Q

What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle called

A

The follicular phase

Higher Human Biology Unit 2 (3 decks)

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