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Chemistry > Unit 22, 23 & 24 - Hydrocarbons/ Alcohols And Carboxylic Acids/ Polymers > Flashcards

Unit 22, 23 & 24 - Hydrocarbons/ Alcohols And Carboxylic Acids/ Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What an homologous series?

A

A series of molecules that have a general formula

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4
Q

What does it mean if molecules are saturated

A

If all Carbon-Carbon covalent bonds are single bonds

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5
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is saturated

A

Alkanes

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6
Q

What is the order of prefixes

A

Meth, eth, prop, but

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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

What is a functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms this is mainly responsible for a molecules chemical properties

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9
Q

What is the functional group for alkanes

A

C-H

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10
Q

What is the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

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11
Q

How do you show an isomer on a diagram

A

Moving the double bond

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12
Q

What is complete combustion

A

When hydrocarbons are burned and produce CO2 and H2O as there is enough oxygen
All atoms are fully oxidised

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13
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

When hydrocarbons are burned without enough oxygen so soot and carbon monoxide are produced

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14
Q

What is the test for alkanes and alkenes

A

Adding bromine water

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15
Q

What are the results for the bromine water test

A

Alkenes become colourless but alkanes don’t

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16
Q

Why do alkenes react with bromine water

A

The double bond reacts with bromine so it loses its colour

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17
Q

What is the product when ethene reacts with bromine

A

1,2-dibromoethane

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18
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

When reactants combine to form one larger product molecule without other products

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19
Q

What is the formula for ethanol

A

C2H5OH

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20
Q

What is ethanol in alcoholic drinks made from

A

Sugars

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21
Q

What is broken down for the sugars needed for ethanol

A

Starch molecules

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22
Q

What turns starch into sugars for ethanol

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

Where is the starch for ethanol found

A

In seeds

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24
Q

What is fermentation

A

When enzymes in the yeast turn sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide

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25
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation

A

Glucose –>ethanol + carbon dioxide

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26
Q

What type of respiration is yeast fermentation

A

Anaerobic

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27
Q

What concentration of alcohol does fermentation produce up to

A

15%

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28
Q

How are more concentrated solution of ethanol formed

A

By fractional distillation

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29
Q

Why does fractional distillation work to produce a higher concentration of ethanol

A

Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water

30
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

C2H2n+1OH

31
Q

Give 2 properties of alcohols

A

Can be oxidised to form carboxylate acids

Produce CO2 and H2O in complete combustion

32
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols

A

OH

33
Q

What does an alcohols reactivity depend on

A

The length of the carbon chain, shorter means more reactive

34
Q

Besides drinks, what else are alcohols used for (2)

A

Cosmetics

Medical drugs

35
Q

What 3 alcohols are widely used for fuels

A

Methanol, ethanol

36
Q

Explain the core practical - The combustion on alcohols

A

Measure mass of am alcohol burner and cap
Put 100cm3 of water in a conical flask
Measure temp of water and clamp above alcohol burner
Light the wick of the primer and allow water to heat up by 40C
Put cap on, measure temp and measure mass of burner
Calculate mass of alcohol burned to produce a 1C rise in temp
Repeat using different alcohols

37
Q

What happens to wine if it is left open to the air

A

It turns to vinegar

38
Q

What causes the sharp taste of vinegar

A

Ethanoic acid

39
Q

What happens to ethanol to make it ethanoic acid

A

Oxidation, an oxygen molecule collides and one atom takes 2 hydrogen atoms to make H2O, the C atom without the hydrogen atoms forms a double bond with the other oxygen atom

40
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

COOH

41
Q

What are oxidising agents

A

Compounds containing oxygen used to oxides molecules in a reaction

42
Q

Give 3 properties of carboxylic acids

A

Form solution with pH less than 7
React with bases to form salt and water
React with carbonates to form salt, water and CO2

43
Q

What is used to test form carbonate rocks like chalk and limestone

A

Vinegar, it fizzes and produces CO2

44
Q

What are plastics made from

A

Polymers

45
Q

What are polymers made from

A

Monomers

46
Q

What is polymerisation

A

The process where monomers join together

47
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation

A

The C=C bond breaks and form sing,e bonds on the ends

48
Q

What does a repeating unit show

A

How the monomers has changed and how it repeats throughout the chain

49
Q

What is a synthetic polymer

A

A polymer made in a lab

50
Q

Give 3 naturally occurring polymers

A

DNA, starch and proteins

51
Q

What is the full name for PVC

A

Poly(chloroethene)

52
Q

What is poly(ethene) used for

A

Plastic bags and bottles

53
Q

What is poly(propene) used for

A

Buckets

54
Q

What is PVC used for

A

Window frames, gutters

55
Q

What is PTFE used for

A

Non-stick coatings for frying pans

56
Q

How are polyesters made

A

By condensation polymerisation

57
Q

What happens in condensation polymerisation

A

Monomers join together and eliminate a small molecule such as water

58
Q

What is the functional group for esters

A

-COO-

59
Q

Describe the functional group for esters

A

C-O with =O on top of C

60
Q

When are esters formed

A

When carboxylic acids react with alcohols

61
Q

Why is the formation of esters a condensation reaction

A

Water is also produced

62
Q

What is the word equation for the production of esters

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol -> Ester + water

63
Q

Where is the water molecule taken from for the production of esters

A

O-H from carboxylic acid, H from alcohol

64
Q

What must each monomer have in order to create a polyester

A

2 functional groups, one at each end

65
Q

What are polyesters used for

A

Bottles and clothes

66
Q

What are most monomers used for synthetic polymers obtained from

A

Crude oil

67
Q

What does biodegradable mean

A

They break down naturally by the environment

68
Q

What does incinerated mean

A

Burned

69
Q

What is a negative of burning plastics

A

They release carbon dioxide and some toxic substances

70
Q

What helps to reduce the amount of waste in incinerators

A

Reusing materials like plastic bags

71
Q

What are the main 6 steps for recycling polymers

A 
Collect waste
Sort waste
Dispose waste that can’t be recycled
Clean polymers and grind into clippings
Purify clippings
Melt clippings and process into a new product
72
Q

What are used to help make sorting the polymers easier

A

Symbols and codes

Chemistry (12 decks)

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