Unit 2: Vocabulary Flashcards
Aging index
the number of people aged 65 years+ per 100 children aged 0 to 14 years old in a given population
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
an immune system disease causes by the Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to combat infection so that weight loss and weakness set in, hastening afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia and often leading to death
Census
a periodic and official count of a country’s population (“a way for the UN to make your children gay”)
Child mortality rate
a figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives (not to be confused with “infant mortality rate”)
Chronic (degenerative) diseases
afflictions that are long-lasting and now are more common due to higher life expectancies
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
the number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population
Demographic transition
multistage model based on Western Europe’s experience that outlines changes in population growth as they are exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization; in this model, high birth and death rates are followed by plunging death rate, producing a huge net population gain; this is succeeded by the convergence of birth and death rates at a low level
Dot map
a type of map in which one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon such as a pipulation
Doubling time
the time it takes for a population to double in size
Endemic
a disease that is particular to a locality or region (ant: pandemic)
Eugenic population policies
government policies which are designed to favor one racial sector over others
Expansive population policies
government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
Genetic (inherited) diseases
diseases that are causes by a variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
Infectious diseases
diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites; they diffuse directly from human to human
Life expectancy
a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live; this number is normally expressed in the context of a particular state
Megalopolis
a term used to designate large coalescing super-cities that are forming in diverse parts of the world (formerly capitalized to represent the specific region known as the Boston-Washington multimetropolitan corridor; but is now used with a lowercase “m”)
Natural increase
population growth measures as the excess of live births over deaths (not including emigration or immigration movements)
One-child policy
a program established by the Chinese government (1979) to slow population growth in China; uses strict legal impositions to limit the number of children to which a woman can give birth
Physiological population density
The number of people per unit area of arable land
Population composition
Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education
Population density
a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Population distribution
description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live
Population explosion
the rapid growth of the world’s human populace during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
Population pyramids
visual representation of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally in 5-yr increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population; the males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar, while the female statistics are located to the right
Restrictive population policies
government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
Stationary population level
the level at which a national population ceases to grow
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
Zero population growth
a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the umber of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births
Carrying capacity
the maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely given the necessities available in the environment
Cohort
a group of people banded together or treated as a group
Demographic dividend
a period during which fertility rates fall due to significant reductions in infant and child mortality
Demographic equation
a mathematical equation used to determine changes in a population (Rate of Natural Increase = Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate)
Demographic momentum
the tendency for a population to continue growing after a decline in fertility because of their young age distribution; once this stage occurs, a country moves onto a demographic transition
Dependency ratio
the number of people in a population who cannot work
Ecumene
the area of land occupied by humans
Maladaptation
an adaptation that does more harm than good (see: “MAL-“)
Mortality
death; how many people die
Natality
birth; how many are born
Agriculture density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of available arable land
Arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
Pro-natalist policy
a policy that encourages child-bearing
Anti-natalist policy
a policy that discourages child-bearing
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
difference of CDR and CBR in a given year
