Unit 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Topic 1: Physical Factors
Physical factors are physical characteristics that facilitate population clusters; examples include coasts, rivers, oceans, waterways, transportation, natural resources, etc.
Topic 1: Human Factors
Human factors are human characteristics that facilitate population clusters; examples include trade, commerce, cultural, economic, emotional, historical, economic stability, etc.
Topic 1: Population Cluster
A dense concentration of people in a specific geographic area; usually forms based on physical or human factors in an area.
Topic 1: Population Density
Population density is the amount of people in an area.
Topic 1: Arithmetic Population Density
Formula: Total Population/Total Amount of Land
This shows how many people live in each unit of land; if the number is high, then there are more people living in each unit of land/if the number is low, then there are fewer people living in each unit of land.
Topic 1: Physiological Population Density
Formula: Total Population/Total Amount of Arable Land
This shows how much food we need to produce from one unit of arable land; if the number is high, we need to produce more food, but if the number is low, then we don’t need to produce as much.
Topic 1: Agricultural Population Density
Formula: Amount of Farmers/ Total Amount of Arable Land
This shows us how advanced technology is in an area or how efficient a society is at producing food; if the number is high, then more manual labor is in an area, and less technology is used.
Topic 1: Population Pressure
Population pressure refers to the stress or strain on a region’s resources, infrastructure, and environment due to a growing population.
Ex: In parts of India, there has been massive population growth, putting stress on water resources, so groundwater is being depleted faster than it can be replenished.
Topic 2: Provision of Services
Refers to supplying or delivering services to meet the needs or demands of individuals; falls under the tertiary sector of the economy.
Topic 2: Natural Resources
Materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used by humans for economic gain, development, or survival; renewable or non-renewable resources.
Topic 2: Carrying Capacity
The amount of people that the environment can support without damaging the environment; will see a depletion of resources and won’t be able to meet the needs and wants of future generations if it exceeds.
Topic 2: Population Density
The amount of people in an area.
Topic 2: Population Distribution
The spread of people in an area.
Topic 2: Pros and Cons due to population Density- Political
Pros:
- Larger urban areas will have more political power
- The government will not have to provide more services over a long distance due to the clustering of people
Cons:
- Rural areas will have less political power
- As population density for rural areas increases, urban areas political power will shrink
Topic 2: Pros and Cons due to population Density- Economic
Pros:
- Urban areas will have more variety of job opportunities
- More goods and services for urban areas
- Rural areas have less cost of living
Cons:
- Will have to compete with more people in the job market
- Urban areas have higher costs of living
- Rural areas have less goods and services
Topic 2: Pros and Cons due to population Density- Social
Pros:
- Rural areas have a larger family size
- Urban areas will not have to travel far for services
Cons:
- Urban areas have a smaller family size
- People in rural areas will have to travel farther for services
- Urban areas lack space
Topic 2: Pros and Cons due to population Density- Environmental
Pros:
- Rural areas are more likely to have more green space
Cons:
- Urban areas lack green space due to the constant evolution of building infrastructure such as roads and buildings
Topic 2: Urban Sprawl
The spread of urban development from an urban area into undeveloped land.
Topic 3: Age Structure
Placed on the y-axis of a population pyramid; 0-14 are the pre-reproductive years, 15-44 are the reproductive years, and 45-100+ are the post-reproductive years
Topic 3: Sex Ratio
Sexes are placed on the x-axis; the left side of the x-axis is for males and the right side is for females; should be close to 50:50 for any given society
Topic 3: Population Pyramid
A pyramid is used to chart the demographics of a country’s sex percentage in a certain age range.
Topic 3: Markets for goods and services
More variety of goods and services will be located in urban areas where more people will be creating these, while rural areas will have basic goods and services, but will have to travel far for these other goods and services.
Topic 3: Total Dependency Ratio
The Dependency ratio compares the number of people not in the labor force to the number who are; as you progress through the demographic transition model, life expectancy increases, and then the total dependency ratio also increases.
[(# of children(0-14) + # of adults(65+))/working age population] * 100
- High #: Working people have a greater burden supporting the non-working population
Topic 3: Child/Youth Dependency Ratio
[# of children(0-14)/# of adults(16-64)] * 100
- High #: Need more schools or daycare facilities
Topic 3: Elderly Dependency Ratio
[# of elderly(65+)/# of adults(16-64)] * 100
- High #: More retirement homes or healthcare facilities
Topic 4: Crude Birth Rate/Population Growth
The total number of births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society leads to population growth.
Topic 4: Crude Death Rate/Population Decline
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society leads to a population decline.
Topic 4: Total Fertility Rate (TFR)/Fertility
The average number of children a woman will have. Fertility is a person’s ability to conceive children.
Topic 4: Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)/Mortality
The total number of deaths under one year of age in a year for every 1000 live births. Mortality is the state of being destined to die at one point.
Topic 4: Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Aka. Rate of Natural Increase
The percentage by which the population grows in a year.
NIR= Crude Birth Rate-Crude Death Rate
Topic 4: Doubling Time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size. Formula: 70/growth rate
Topic 4: Migration/Migration Rate
Migration is the movement of people from one location to another. It can either increase or decrease a country’s NRI; causes of this can include economic opportunities, push or pull factors, etc. Migration is the rate at which one leaves or enters a country.
Topic 5: Stage 1
(Pre-reproductive years)
DTM: Birth Rate and Death Rate is high, and very low NIR; lacks sanitation, medicine, contraceptives, mainly agricultural based society
Epidemiological: Pestilence, Famine, and Death- animal attacks, parasitic and infectious diseases, food shortages, dirty water, etc.
Topic 5: Stage 2
(Reproductive years)
DTM: High birth rate, falling death rate, and increasing NIR; more urbanization and food surplus, advancements in medicine and knowledge of medicine, and emigration
Epidemiological: Receding Pandemics- improved standard of living, increased food production, nutritious food, and sanitation.
Topic 5: Stage 3
(Reproductive years)
DTM: Slowly falling birth rate and continuous falling death rate, moderate/stable NIR; more gender roles, manufacturing and tertiary sector of jobs
Epidemiological: Degenerative Diseases- diseases that get worse over time; ex. heart attacks, cancer, etc.
Topic 5: Stage 4
(Reproductive years)
DTM: Low birth and death rates, stable high NIR; more economic opportunities for women, and education and jobs in the tertiary sector.
Epidemiological: Fighting Degenerative Diseases- medical advancements, longer life expectancies, improved diet and lifestyle.
Topic 5: Stage 5
(Post-reproductive years)
DTM: Low birth rate and low death rate, decreasing NIR; post-reproductive years, population decline
Epidemiological: Reemergence of Infectious Diseases- increased poverty, urbanization, and globalization; ex. Covid 19
Topic 5: Immigration
A migrant immigrating into a country; NRI will increase of the country.
Topic 5: Emigration
A migrant emigrating out of a country; NRI will decrease of the country.
Topic 5: Net Migration
Difference between immigrants and emigrants.
Topic 5: Epidemic
A disease that spreads through a region or community.
Topic 5: Pandemic
A disease that spreads across multiple regions, countries, or the world.
Topic 5: Endemic
A disease that stays in a particular area and does not spread through the entire region or community.
Topic 6: Consequences of population change
If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, we will see a depletion of resources to the point where the environment can’t support us anymore.
Topic 6: Population Growth v. Production of food
Malthus’ Thoughts: He thinks that population growth is exponential and the production of food is arithmetic, so death needs to happen to control the population
Values/Limits: Population doesn’t grow exponentially, population shrinks over time as a society moved through the demographic transition model.
Topic 6: Malthusian Catastrophe
- If population growth exceeds the carrying capacity, the population will crash
- Famine, wars, spread of disease, destruction of society, etc.
- This will happen when the population exceeds carrying capacity
Topic 6: Neo-Malthusian
Neo-Malthusians believed in Malthus’ ideas and expanded on his ideas. They believe that we were going to run out of finite resources.
Topic 7: Pro-Natalist Policies
Policies that are created to help increase a society’s birth rate. Ex: Pay for hospital bills, tax incentives for having children, etc.
Topic 7: Anti-Natalist Policies
Policies that are created to help decrease a society’s birth rate. Ex: One child policy, family planning program, contraceptives, etc.
Topic 7: Restrictive Policies
Policies that restrict immigration to a certain country; to reduce the amount of immigrants coming into a country. Ex: The Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882, prevented Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.
Topic 7: Promotive Policies(Less Restrictive Policies)
Policies that promote immigration to a certain country. Ex: The H-1B Visa program was implemented in 1990 which allowed for more skilled workers to enter the U.S
Topic 7: Casual Factors
A significant event, condition, or influence that directly contributes to a particular geographic phenomenon.
Topic 7: Push/Pull Factors
Push Factors are factors that push individuals out of a country, while Pull Factors attract people to a settlement or pull them.
Ex: Push- Corruption, high taxes, lack of healthcare services, wars, etc.; Pull- Religious freedom, lower taxes, arable land, political freedom, etc.
Topic 7: Intervening Opportunities
Positive situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination.
Ex: You find a job opportunity on the way to your final destination.
Topic 7: Intervening Obstacles
Negative situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination.
Ex: A migrant ran out of money to complete their migration.
Topic 8: Types of forced migration
Slavery, refugees, internally displaced people, asylum seekers, etc.
Topic 8: Refugees
An individual who has been forced to leave their home country and has crossed an international border to escape war, persecution, natural disasters, etc.
Topic 8: Internally Displaced People(IDP)
An individual who had been forced to flee from their home to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, violation of human rights, etc.; they don’t cross internationally.
Topic 8: Asylum Seekers
An individual who is seeking international protection; is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which the claim is submitted; usually refugees.
Topic 8: Types of voluntary migration
Transhumance, step migration, rural to urban, transnational migration, etc.
Topic 8: Transhumance
Migration that is cyclical and revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock; intervals.
Topic 8: Internal Migration
Movement within a country’s borders.
Topic 8: Chain Migration
A process in which a legal immigrant, who has become a citizen can petition for a family member to come to the country.
Topic 8: Guest worker
A migrant may work temporarily in another country so they have to temporarily migrate there; they send remittances back home to their family.
Topic 8: Rural to urban migration
Movement of people from rural to urban settlements; usually looking for economic, political, or social opportunities
Topic 8: Cyclic Movement
Regional journey that begins at home base and returns to the same place.
Topic 8: Activity space
A location where regular behaviors occur
Topic 8: Remittances
Funds that migrants send back home to their families
Topic 8: Permanent Migration
Migrants immigrate to or emigrate out of a country to permanently settle in another country.
Topic 8: International Migration
Movement/migration across a country’s borders
Topic 8: Internal Migration
Movement/migration within a country’s borders.
Topic 8: Forced Migration
Forced migration is when the migrant has no choice but to migrate; can happen for a variety of reasons.
Topic 8: Voluntary Migration
People are choosing to leave their current location of their own free will
Topic 8: Step Migration
Migration that happens in stages(will make stops on the way to their final destination)
Ex: I drove to Tennessee, took a plane to France, and then took a cruise to Italy.
Topic 8: Intraregional Migration
Migration that involves a permanent move within the same region.
Topic 8: Interregional Migration
Migration involves a permanent move from one region of a country to another area of the same country.
Topic 8: Transnational Migration
Migrant leaves their home country searching for residents in another country but remain connected to their home country.
Topic 9: Political effects of migration
- New systems will be put in place
- Heated debates about about migration policies and amount of immigrants
- How a country needs to enforce a country’s borders, services needed to provide, etc.
Topic 9: Economic effects of migration
- Increase in the economic output
- New businesses, fill gaps in the workforce, bring new ideas into society
- More diversity
- More competition
- More skilled labor
Topic 9: Cultural effects of migration
- More cultural diversity
- New foods, music, clothes, and other goods
- Shifts the country’s demographics
Topic 10: Types of population policies
Pro-natalist, anti-natalist, immigration policies, promotive, restrictive, etc.
Topic 10: Immigration policy
A policy implemented to regulate the entry and residence of individuals, whether temporarily or permanently.
Ex: Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882.
Topic 11: Changing roles of females
Females are given more opportunities economically, politically, and socially and we are slowly moving away from gender norms.
Topic 11: Changing social values
There is more advancement in healthcare knowledge ad family planning, etc.
Topic 11: Access to education
Women are given more access to education, leading them to gain new skills that could help them in the workforce, focusing on their careers and wanting to have kids later in life. This will cause a decrease in the IFR.
Topic 11: Access to employment
More access to employment leads to more people wanting to immigrate to the country for these economic opportunities and it would increase the NIR; this would be considered a pull factor.
Topic 11: Access to health care
People who are given more access to healthcare will see a significant decrease in the IMR of a country and a decrease in death rates. This would be considered another pull factor because rural areas will need to travel far to receive healthcare, urging them to migrate to urban areas.
Topic 11: Access to contraception
Women who are given more access to contraception will a decrease in family sizes in their country and a decrease in the total NIR of a country.
Topic 11: Changing social roles for females
Females are given more access to contraceptives and family planning(anti-natalist), giving them ideas on planning for kids later in life and wanting kids later in life.
Topic 11: Changing economic roles for females
Females are given more economic opportunities, causing them to focus more on their careers and wanting to have children later in the future, but they also contribute to the economy.
Topic 11: Patterns of fertility
Fertility patterns include women in urban areas wanting to have kids later in the future because they are focused on careers, but women in rural areas tend to have more children because they are valuable assets to ranches and farms.
Topic 11: Patterns of mortality
If there is less access to healthcare and sanitation, etc. mortality rates can go up, while areas that are given more access to healthcare tend to see a decrease in mortality rates.
Topic 11: Patterns of migration
People can migrate for a variety of reasons, whether it’s forced or voluntary, there will always be political, social, economic, or environmental push/pull factors that make an individual want to migrate to or out of a country.
Topic 11: Ravenstein’s laws of migration
- Migration is mainly for economical reasons and for young adults
- Migrants often travel short distances(step)
- Rural–>Urban
- Agricultural—>Industry
- Migration has counterflow/stream
- Urban areas grow mainly by migration
- Migration–>economic development
- Women mainly migrate internally
Topic 12: Life expectancy
Life expectancy is the average age a person can live up to. Life expectancy increases as a society moves through the demographic model because there are more advancements in technology, healthcare, etc.; elderly dependency ratio also increases.
Topic 12: Political consequences of an aging population
Governments will have to create more pro-natalist policies or anti-natalist policies based on a country’s NIR
Topic 12: Social consequences of an aging population
An aging population will need different services, causing an increase in retirement homes and healthcare services, and there will be less participation in the workforce.
Topic 12: Economic consequences of an aging population
They won’t have enough workers, and consumers to support certain businesses and the workforce has to work even more to support the aging population.
