unit 2 vocab ap human Flashcards
agricultural density
number of farmers per unit of area land
arable land
the land capable of being farmed
arithmetic density
Total number of people divided by the total land area.
ecumene
inhabited land
physiological density
the number of people per arable land
population density
the number of people per square mile
carrying capacity
the number of people a region can support with damaging the enviornment
overpopulation
having more people than a region can support
remittances
The transfer of money by workers to people in the country in which they emigrated
population pyramid
a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and sex
sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females
zero population growth
this occurs when the number of people who die and emigrate out of a country equals the number of people who are born or immigrate into a country.
crude birth rate
the number of live births per 1,000 people
crude death rate
is a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
demography
the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
doubling time
the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double
fertility
the average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime.
Infant mortality rate
the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births
medical revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
mortality
the ability of an individual to die
natural increase rate
the birth rate minus the death rate of a particular population, over a particular time period.
total fertility rate
the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years
Demographic transition model
the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years
epidemiological transition model
a theory which “describes changing population patterns in terms of fertility, life expectancy, mortality, and leading causes of death.”
pandemic
an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region
Malthusian theory
the theory that the world’s population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur.
neo-malthusians
even though it is passed his time, these people believe Thomas Malthus is correct and the worlds populating too fast
antinatalist policies
programs to decrease the number of births.
pronatalist policies
policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area.
Ravenstein Laws of migration
the theory that 1. most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. 2. long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.
aging population
a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups.
dependency ratio
refers to the percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population.
industrial revolution
the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States
life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Emigration
moving out of or from an area permanently
immigration
moving into an area permanently
intervening obstacles
an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
pull factor
reasons or attractions that will bring someone into a country/region
push factor
attractions or problems that will motivate someone to leave the country/region
migration
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.
intervening oppurtunity
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.
asylum seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
forced migration
the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region.
guest worker
legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term.
internal migration
human movement within a nation-state,
internally displaced persons
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons to a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.
refugees
people who are being forced to leave their traditional lands due to persecution or material hardship within their society.
step migration
gradual migration, from farm to village to town to big city,
transhumance
The movement of livestock from valleys in the winter to mountainous regions in the summer
transnational migration
a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
voluntary migration
is when someone chooses to leave home.
brain drain
the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge.
net migration
the difference in the number of people who immigrate to and emigrate from a country.
unauthorized immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documents
