Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards
Overpopulation
The population is too great for the local environment to support it.
(EX: In China, the one-child policy was implemented to avoid overpopulation and the issues with it)
Population double timing
The number of years needed to double the population, assuming a constant rate of increase. Divide the rate buy 70 for more accuracy. Rate of natural increase effects this (EX: 21st century rate is 54 years)
Population density: arithmetic
-“Average density”
-Total population divided by total land area
(EX: U.S. density is 34.3)
Population density: Physiological
- “Farmland density”
-Total population divided by total arable land area
(EX: 190.5-> how much we can produce on our land)
Population density: Agricultural
-“Farmer density”
-Total number of farmers divided by total arable land area
(EX: America may have a lower one because we use machines rather than real farmers)
Carrying capacity
The number of people that can be supported in an area given the technology of production
(EX: There is a low carrying capacity in an area like Kenya, because they don’t have a lot of tractors and other agricultural tech to make a lot of food)
Dependency ratio
- The number of people who are too old or young to work and has to depend on the working class
- (# of people 0-14) +(# of people 65+) divided by (# of people 15-64 “workforce”)
Population pyramids
- The number of people who are too old or young to work and has to depend on the working class
- (# of people 0-14) +(# of people 65+) divided by (# of people 15-64 “workforce”)
Population pyramids
Normally shows the percentage of the total population in 5 year age groups, with the youngest group (0 to 4 years old) at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top
EX: The shape is triangle which shows rapid growth
Demographic transition model
A model consisting of four stages that helps to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country.
-Historically no country has reverted back to a previous stage
EX: Stage 2 has a triangle shape and has rapid growth, and no country is in stage 1 anymore
Industrial revolution
Caused a historical migration because America’s economy was booming and people wanted to come over and join in on the financial gain.
EX: it is like the migration west, people move for better economic status
Thomas malthus/Malthusian theory
Claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply. His model predicted the world population to quadruple over the course of 50 years. When resources and land cannot supply the population
EX: It was prove wrong because the population has not increased to outpace food production
Epidemiological transisition
Epidemiology is the branch of medical science concerned with the incidents distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among the population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.
Epidemiological transition focuses on distinct health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
EX: An example is the bubonic plague in the 1st stage
Pandemic
A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Occurs during stage 2 receding pandemic (rapidly declining CDR)
EX: Flu pandemic
Epidemic
A disease that is only in a certain area and not widespread across the world.
EX: The black death
Antinatialist policies
Against having more births
- China’s one child policy
- Fines for having more kids, pressure to abort a pregnancy forced sterilization accompanied 2nd pregnancies
Pronatalist policies
Encouraging more births
- Mao wanted China to grow more
- Russia wanted population to grow them so they passed out medals to women who gave birth to a lot of kids
Chain migration
Describes the way that many migrants choose a new place to live. Migrants from a particular town follow other migrants from the same town to a particular destination
EX: People from the same city in Mexico go to the same area
Push factors
A force that induces people to move out of their present location
EX: Cultural (forced migration because of political unrest or slavery) and environmental (harsh conditions tend to push people out)
Pull Factors
A force that induces people to move into a new location
EX: Economic (more jobs, better pay, etc), Environmental (Appealing conditions tend to pull people like Florida)
Asylum
The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.
EX: leaving Iran bc of war to seek asylum in USA
Refugees
A person who has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. Forced migration
EX: Leaving Germany when the Holocaust happened
Internally displaced person
Similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border
EX: Nationalist party leaving China for Taiwan
Forced vs voluntary migration
When you move against your will so that you don’t die. Voluntary is when you move to make your life and you choose to move
EX: moving to avoid war or moving to America for more jobs
International migration
Permanent move from one country to another
Voluntary and forced (against your will, you are refugee)
Internal migration
Permanent move within the same country
-Interregional
-Intraregional
EX: Chicago to New York
Interregional migration
Out of a region
EX: From Midwest to SOuth
Intraregional migration
Within a region
EX: From Chicago to suburbs
Migration
Relocation diffusion and a permanent move to a new location
EX: Migrating from Chicago to Los Angeles
Voluntary migration
Migrating because you want to for a better life
EX: Migrating to California because there are more jobs
Intervening obstacles
Hinder migration, can be categorized into two types
Environmental feature- Mountain, ocean, or distance (has hindered people in the past)
Political feature- countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another (more political today)
EX: The quota prevents certain people from coming into the the country
Distance decay
The farther away two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate
EX: People from Iraq are more likely to migrate to Germany than the U.s
Brain drain
Countries prefer skilled workers so there is a disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizen migrating away from sending countries (lose knowledge from country because intelligent people are leaving).
EX: Japan is trying to prevent people from leaving and being outsourced to other countries
Circulation
Short term and repetitive acts of mobility are this
EX: Birds leaving north when it gets hot and south when it is cold
Counter urbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas. Is most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities
EX: Parents coming to suburbs of Chicago to raise kids
Guest workers
People mostly from the Middle East, Asia, and North Africa, who have migrated for work, but who are not considered permanent migrants
EX: Mexicans coming to America to work
Net migration
Difference between emigration and immigration
EX: America has more immigration than emigration and that is why the population is growing
Quotas
Maximum limits on the number of people who could emigrate to the U.S. from a country in 1 year
Migration transistion
Identified by Wilbur Zelinsky, it consists of changes in a society comparable to the demographic transition model
EX: Stage 1 consists of little migration
2 Involves international migration
3 and 4 are characterized by internal migraiton
Immigration
Migration to a location
My family immigrated to America
Emigration
Migration from a location
EX: My family emigrated from China and Europe
Net migration rate
Rate of people moving into the country vs out
Out migration
Migration of people out of the country
EX: Moving from America to France
Arable land
Land that can be used to grow crops
EX: America has a lower percent of arable land, but has more feet of arable land because it is larger
Sex ratio
The ratio of boys to girls in a population
EX: 104 boys to 100 girls
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths per 1000 live births of infants under 1 year old
EX: America has a lower infant mortality rate because they have better medical equipment
Life expectancy
The average period a person can expect to live in a population
EX: America has a higher life expectancy than other countries because there was better living conditions
Cencus
An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.
EX; there are 250 million ppl in America
Demography
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
EX: stage 2 shows rapid growth
Industrial revolution
Historical migration
Medical revolution
Epidemiologic transition model, causes lower CDR so less infectious diseases, more degenerative diseases
EX: America has high medical skills so people mainly die of degenerative diseases
Zero population growth
When CBR-CDR= 0 so NIR is 0 or close it. Little to no population change. Is better represented by TFR
EX: America has a low NIR close to 0, but migrants come in and increase the population
Demographic momentum
Country in stage 3 or 4 that may be decreasing in population but they just keep producing more kids. Rate of natural increase declined, but the number of people added to the world’s population each year has remained relatively constant bc global population increased.
EX: 1950s-2000s
Remittances
Ppl from less developed countries work in more developed countries and send the money they earn back to their families
EX: cash flow video, send money back to Mexico
Return migration
Head back to home country
Xenophobia
Fear of immigrants EX: people who are in the lower class typically have this bc immigrants take their jobs
Counterurbanization
Urban to rural
EX: people want to work in more peaceful areas so they move from NYC to Idaho
In- migration
Migration into a country
Unauthorized immigrants
Immigrants who do not have the proper documentation to be legal immigrants
Desertification
Sahara sahel- Counter ecumene, places are becoming deserts
EX: droughts in California
Net migration rate
Emigration minus immigration
EX: America has a high net migration bc a lot of people are coming into the country
Demographic balancing equation
How much is needed to offset birth rate and death rate to get net 0 NIR.
EX: No population change so more of a column shape
Ravenstein’s laws
(all)
Long distance characteristics
Etc
Most long-distance migrants are male.
• Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals
rather than families with children.
• Most long-distance migrants are young adults
seeking work rather than children or elderly
people.
-most migrants relocate a short distance and remain in the same country
-Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
Step migration
Stages as to how they move
EX: how they more farm to village to city
Sunbelt
Part of U.S. west coast
Gravity model
There is a greater pull to larger communities and people are more likely to migrate to a large community than small ones
EX: migrating to Chinatown in Chicago than in some suburb if you’re Chinese
