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Microbiology > Unit 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, and so on

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1
Q

Active site

A

The specific region on an apoenzyme that binds substrate. The site for reaction catalyst

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2
Q

Autoclave

A

A sterilization chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials

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3
Q

Bactericide

A

An agent that kills bacteria

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4
Q

Bacteristatic

A

Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division

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6
Q

Biosphere

A

Habitable regions comprising the aquatic, soil rock, and air environments

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7
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of microbes or their products in the commercial or industrial realm

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism

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9
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The generation of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions by the pumping of hydrigen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport

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10
Q

Clone

A

A colony of cells derived from a single cell by asexual reproduction
Process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes

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11
Q

Codon

A

A specific sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that constitutes the genetic code for a particular amino acid

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12
Q

Cold sterilization

A

The use of nonheating methods such as radiation or filtration to sterilize materials

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13
Q

Conjugation

A

The contact between donor and recepient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids
Use pilus

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14
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that feeds on producers or other consumers

Energy from other organisms

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15
Q

Curd

A

The coagulated milk protein used in cheese making

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of normal characteristics resulting from some molecular alteration

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17
Q

Desiccation

A

To dry throughly. To preserve by drying

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18
Q

Disinfection

A

The destrcution of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions

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20
Q

Fermentation

A

The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substratesinto simpler, reduced metabolites

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21
Q

Food chain

A

A simple straight line feeding sequence among organisms in a community

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22
Q

Gene probe

A

Short strands of single stranded nucleic acid that hybridize specifically with complementary stretches of nucleotides on test samples and thereby serve as a tagging and identification device

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23
Q

Gene therapy

A

The introduction of normal functional genes into people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell and cystic fibrosis

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24
Q

Genetic engineering

A

A field involving deliberate alterations of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes

25
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism

26
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

27
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy need

28
Q

Hypertonic

A

Having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution

29
Q

Mash

A

In making beer, the malt grain is steeped in warm water, ground up and fortified with carbohydrates to form mash

30
Q

Mesophile

A

Microorganisms that grow at intermediate temp

31
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell

32
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

A process occuring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric N2 gas is converted to a form NH4 usble by plants

33
Q

Operon

A

A genetic operational unit that regulates metabolism by controlling mRNA production

34
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration

35
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices or wine to destroy heat sensitive vegetative cells followed by a rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germenation of spores

36
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs

37
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A process occuring in okants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the suns energy and converts it to ATP in the cell

38
Q

Plasmids

A

Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features
Double stranded DNA, replicates independently if chromosome
Has genes not needed for cell growth

39
Q

PCR

A

A technique that amplifies segments of DNA for testing. Denaturation, primers, Dna polymerase

40
Q

Primers

A

Synthetic olginonucleotides of known sequence that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA amplification will begin

41
Q

Producer

A

An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds
Independent

42
Q

Protease

A

Enzymes that act on proteins, breaking them down into component parts

43
Q

Recombinant

A

An organism that contains genes that originated in another organism, whether through deliberate laboratory manipulation or natural processes

44
Q

Rennin

A

The enzyme casein coagulase, which is used to produce curd in the processing of milk and cheese

45
Q

Saprobe

A

A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms

46
Q

Starter culture

A

The sizable inoculation of pure bacterial, mold, or yeast sample for bulk processing as in the preparation of fermented foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals

47
Q

Sterile

A

Completely free of all life forms inculding spores and viruses

48
Q

Substrate

A

The specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts

49
Q

Symbiosis

A

An intimate association between individuals from two species

50
Q

Transcription

A

mRNA synthesis

Process by which a strand of RNA is produced against a DNA template

51
Q

Transduction

A

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector

52
Q

Transformation

A

In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in naked DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recepient cell

53
Q

Translation

A

Protein synthesis

The process of decoding the messenger RNA code into a polypeptide

54
Q

Vector

A

A genetic element such as a plasmid as a bacteriophage used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments

55
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

An aerobe that doesnt require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it

56
Q

Exponential growth phase

A

Replication greater than death

Environmental favorable, nutrients

57
Q

Fermentration

A

The incomplete oxidation of glucose to other carbohydrates in the abscence of oxygen

58
Q

Filtration

A

Method used to remove microbes from air and liquids

Fulter has holes that only allows liquid through and not particles

59
Q

Thermoduric

A

Can survive short exposure to high temps but are normally mesophiles

Microbiology (12 decks)

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