Unit 2: Viruses

Question 1

require living host cells in order to multiply:

Answer 1

obligatory (or obligate) intracellular parasites

Question 2

virus that infects bacterial cells:

Answer 2

bacteriophage

Question 3

viruses whose capsids aren’t covered by an envelope:

Answer 3

non-enveloped (naked) viruses

Question 4

capsid is covered by an envelope - which usually consists of some combination of lipids, proteins, and carbs:

Answer 4

enveloped viruses

Question 5

Viral components include:

Answer 5

core, capsid, envelope, spikes

Question 6

• located at the center of the virus
• made of DNA / RNA
• associated with naked viruses

Answer 6

core

Question 7

the nucleic acid of a virus is protected by a protein coat called the:

Answer 7

capsid

Question 8

an outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses:

Answer 8

envelope

Question 9

carbohydrate-protein complexes that project from the surface of the envelope:

Answer 9

spike

Question 10

the spectrum of species, strains, or cell types that a pathogen can infect:

Answer 10

host range

Question 11

Human / Animal Virus Reproduction (simplified); Typical Infection Process:

Answer 11

• attachment
• penetration (naked vs. enveloped viruses)
• uncoating
• building viral parts
• assembly
• release (naked vs. enveloped viruses)

Question 12

Herpes Viruses (Herpesviridae) can cause:

Answer 12

• chickenpox / shingles
• cold sores (fever blisters)
• genital herpes

Question 13

Papillomaviruses (in the Papovaviridae group) can cause:

Answer 13

• HPV
• warts on skin; sexually transmitted warts (genital warts)
• recurrent respiratory papillometosis
• cervical cancer in women; oral/throat and penile/anal cancer in men

Question 14

Retroviruses (in the Retroviridae group):

Answer 14

• T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

- human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II)

Question 15

inactive viral that’s been integrated into the gene of a host cell:

Answer 15

proviruses

Question 16

Specific group of cytokines; Alpha- and beta-IFNs are antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection;

Gamma-IFN stimulates macrophage activity:

Answer 16

interferons

Question 17

new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future:

Answer 17

emerging infectious disease

Question 18

Syndrome refers to infection of a developing fetus or newborn by any of a group of infectious agents:

Answer 18

TORCH agents

Question 19

TORCH stands for:

Answer 19

Toxoplasma gondi
Others (ex. HIV, Syphilis, 5th disease, chicken pox, etc.)
Rubella virus (German measles)
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex viruses

Question 20

TORCH agents can:

Answer 20

cross the placenta

Question 21

infectious RNA:

Answer 21

viroid

Question 22

infectious agent consisting of a self replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acids:

Answer 22

prion

Question 23

chemicals or structures which help an organism cause disease:

Answer 23

virulence factors

Question 24

chemical virulence factor examples:

Answer 24

• enzymes

- toxins

Question 25

structural virulence factor examples:

Answer 25

- axial filaments - fimbrae / attachment pili - capsules - hooks and suckers - spikes

Question 26

How Microbes Cause Disease; For a pathogen / opportunist to cause disease:

Answer 26

- Gain Entry - Attach / Adhere and Colonization - Resist Host Defenses - Cause Damage (signs and symptoms)

Question 27

Intact skin surfaces:

Answer 27

examples = ringworm; staph infections

Question 28

Mucous membrane surfaces:

Answer 28

examples = nose, throat, eyes, etc.

Question 29

Across the placenta:

Answer 29

example = TORCH agents

Question 30

Parenteral:

Answer 30

example = breaks, cuts, burns, bites

Question 31

objective (visible or measurable) changes in body temperature or function due to a disease:

Answer 31

signs

Question 32

subjective changes in the infected individual's body structure or function due to a disease; CANNOT be seen or measured by others:

Answer 32

symptoms

Question 33

specific group of signs and symptoms that typically occur together in individuals suffering from a particular disease:

Answer 33

syndrome

Question 34

disease which only occurs occasionally in a population (it doesn't occur all the time, but instead "pops up" every now and then

Answer 34

sporadic

Question 35

constantly present in a population, usually in relatively low numbers:

Answer 35

endemic

Question 36

the number of new cases (incidence) is increasing very quickly:

Answer 36

epidemic

Question 37

a world-wide epidemic (epidemic on two or more continents at the same time):

Answer 37

pandemic

Question 38

microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora

Answer 38

normal microbiota

Question 39

Typical effects of normal microbiota on the host:

Answer 39

- inhibits the overgrowth of the yeast C. albicans, which can grow when the balance between normal microbiota and pathogens is upset and when pH is altered - E. coli (occurs in the large intestine) cells produce bacteriocins, proteins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria of the same or closely related species, such as pathogenic Salmonella and Shigella - normal microbiota of the large intestine effectively inhibit C. difficile, possibly by making host receptors unavailable, competing for available nutrients, or producing bacteriocins

Question 40

infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions at a health care facility, such as a nursing home, hospital, same-day surgery canter, outpatient clinic, or in-home health care environment:

Answer 40

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

Question 41

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are also called:

Answer 41

nosocomial infections