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Microbiology Lecture > Unit 1: Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • the branch of science that studies microorganisms

- the study of very small living things

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

minute living things that are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

microbes aka microorganisms

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3
Q

presence everywhere or in many places especially simultaneously

A

ubiquitous

microorganisms are found everywhere!

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4
Q

disease-causing organism

A

pathogenic

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5
Q

disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host

A

infectious disease

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6
Q

microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease

A

normal microbiota aka normal flora aka microbiome

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7
Q

microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances

A

opportunistic pathogen

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8
Q

A number of environmental factors influence the spread of communicable diseases that are prone to cause epidemics. The most important of these are:

A
  • water supply
  • sanitation facilities
  • food
  • climate
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9
Q

CLINICALLY IMPORTANT TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS INCLUDE:

A

bacteria, fungi/yeasts, fungi/molds, protozoa, viruses, viroids, prions

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10
Q 
# of Cells = unicellular
Cell Type = prokaryotic
Add. Info. = most have rigid, peptidoglycan containing cell wall 
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota, antibiotic production, environmental decomposition 
Reproduction = binary fission
A

Bacteria

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11
Q 
# of Cells = unicellular 
Cell Type = eukaryotic
Add. Info. = N/A 
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota
Reproduction = budding
A

Fungi —> Yeasts

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12
Q 
# of Cells = multicellular 
Cell Type = eukaryotic
Add. Info. = N/A
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota, antibiotic production, environmental decomposition
Reproduction = fragmenting or spore formation
A

Fungi —> Molds

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13
Q 
# of Cells = unicellular 
Cell Type = eukaryotic 
Add. Info. = most are motile / include amebas, etc. 
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = help clean the environment
Reproduction = many have multi-stage life cycles
A

Protozoa

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14
Q 
# of Cells = acellular
Cell Type = not made of cells
Add. Info. = made of DNA or RNA plus protein / may also have an envelope, enzymes 
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota 
Reproduction = obligate intracellular parasites
A

Viruses

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15
Q 
# of Cells = acellular 
Cell Type = not made of cells
Add. Info. = made of RNA only / cause plant diseases 
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = N/A
Reproduction = obligate intracellular parasites
A

Viroids

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16
Q 
# of Cells = acellular
Cell Type = not made of cells 
Add. Info. = made of protein only / cause TSEs 
Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = N/A
Reproduction = change host protein into prions
A

Prions

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17
Q

The diseases are characterized by a degeneration of brain tissue giving it a sponge-like appearance

  • aka prion diseases
  • aggressive; no useful treatments
A

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

EX: Mad Cow Disease

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18
Q

Domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls:

A

Bacteria

Bacterium when referring to a single cell org.

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19
Q

Non-filamentous, unicellular fungi:

A

Yeast

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20
Q

Fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae:

A

Molds

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21
Q

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms; usually chemoheterotrophic:

A

Protozoa

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22
Q

A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

A

Viruses

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23
Q

Infections RNA:

A

Viroids

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24
Q

An infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids:

A

Prions

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25
Q

Cells that do not have a true nucleus or most other cell organelles:

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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26
Q

Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus:

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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27
Q

Types of organisms that have prokaryotic cells:

A
  • bacteria
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28
Q

Types of organisms that have eukaryotic cells:

A
  • yeasts
  • molds
  • protozoa
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29
Q

Types of organisms that are not made of cells:

A
  • viruses
  • viroids
  • prions
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30
Q

A parasitic roundworm or flatworm is called a:

A

helminth

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31
Q
  • process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient
  • example of C.diff treatment
  • oddly successful; 98-99% success rate
A

fecal transplant

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32
Q
  • Coccus (Diplococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus) -
  • Bacillus (Diplobacillus, Streptobacillus)
  • Coccobacillus
  • Spiral forms (Spirillum, Spirochete, Vibrio)
A

Shapes/Arrangements of Clinically Important Bacteria (Prokaryotic Cells)

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33
Q

A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface / a complex aggregation of microbes:

A

biofilm

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34
Q

A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell:

A

glycocalyx

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35
Q

An outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide:

A

capsule

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36
Q

A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9 1 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells:

A

flagellum (plural: flagella)

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37
Q

The structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum:

A

axial filament

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38
Q

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment:

A

fimbria (plural: fimbriae) / attachment pili

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39
Q

Function allows 2 bacteria to attach to each other and share DNA:

A

conjugation pili

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40
Q
  • Bacterial cell wall that has a thick layer on layer peptidoglycan structure
  • Endotoxin —> high fever; damages inside of capillaries; hemorrhaging; clotting; poor blood flow
A

Gram Positive / G+

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41
Q
  • Bacterial cell wall that has a thin layer (outer membrane) of peptidoglycan; phospholipid bilayer; lipopolysaccharides; porin proteins
  • Endotoxin
  • Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (G-bacillus): narrow porins that are resistant to many antibiotic, ubiquitous, cystic fibrosis, burn wounds
A

Gram Negative / G-

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42
Q
  • Bacterial cell wall that has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • Thick wax with extremely narrow porin channels
  • EX: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
A

Acid Fast

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43
Q

Example of a bacteria that does not contain a cell wall:

A

EX: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (“walking pneumonia”)

44
Q

Digestive enzyme which digests peptidoglycan:

A

lysozyme

45
Q

Stops bacteria from making new peptidoglycan:

A

penicillin

46
Q

Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism; can be divided into two classes of chemical reactions - those that release energy and those that require energy:

A

metabolism

47
Q

The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones; these reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions which use water and in which chemical bonds are broken), and they are exergonic produce more energy than they consume:

A

catabolism

48
Q

When cells break down sugars into CO2 and H2O, this is an example of:

A

catabolism

49
Q

The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and they are endergonic (consume more energy than they produce):

A

anabolism

50
Q

Formation of proteins from amino acids is an example of:

A

anabolism

51
Q

biological catalysts are called:

A

Enzymes
(as catalysts, each enzyme acts on a specific substances, called the enzyme’s substrate and each catalyzes only one reaction)

52
Q

substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves:

A

catalysts

53
Q

factors that denature enzymes:

A
  • pH

- heat

54
Q

Breaking down glucose releases energy, which is captured by the cell in the form of:

A

adenosine triphosphate, or ATP

55
Q

Is a small molecule that gives cells a convenient way to briefly store energy:

A

ATP

56
Q

How does an enzyme’s active site relate to the enzyme’s function?

A

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site.

Because active sites are finely tuned to help a chemical reaction happen, they can be very sensitive to changes in the enzyme’s environment

57
Q
  • competitive inhibitors

- substances which bind enzymes and distort their active sites (ex. heavy metals)

A

enzyme inhibitors

58
Q

The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required:

A

fermentation

59
Q

Fermentation By-Products:

A
  • alcohols
  • acids
  • gases
60
Q

Fermentation: Total ATPs per Glucose:

A

2

61
Q

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)

A

aerobic respiration

62
Q

Aerobic Respiration By-Products:

A
  • carbon dioxide

- water

63
Q

Aerobic Respiration: Total ATPs per Glucose:

A

30-38

64
Q

The requirements for microbial growth can be divided into two main categories:

A
  • Physical = temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

- Chemical = sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, trace elements, and organic growth factors

65
Q

Microorganisms are classified into three primary groups on the basis of their preferred range of temperature:

A
  • psychrophiles
  • mesophiles
  • thermophiles
66
Q
  • cold loving microbes

- grow best at about -5 degrees celsius to about 20 degrees celsius

A

psychrophiles

67
Q
  • moderate temperature loving microbes

- grow best at about 25 degrees celsius to about 40 degrees celsius

A

mesophiles

68
Q
  • heat loving microbes

- grow best at about 50 degrees celsius and up

A

thermophiles

69
Q

To neutralize the acids and maintain the proper pH, what is included in the growth media?

A

chemical buffers

70
Q

The time required for a cell to divide and its population to double is called:

A

generation time

71
Q

Period of little or no cell division is called:

A

lag phase

72
Q

When cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth, or logarithmic increase, called:

A

log phase / exponential growth phase

73
Q

Period of equilibrium:

A

stationary phase

74
Q

The number of deaths eventually exceeds the number of new cells formed, and the population enters the:

A

death phase

75
Q

removal or destruction of all live microorganisms (and viruses), including endospores:

A

sterilization

76
Q

removal, destruction, or inhibition growth of most microorganisms

A

disinfection

77
Q

disinfection of living tissue (skin and/or mucus membranes)

A

antisepsis

78
Q

removal of surface organisms from skin

A

degerming

79
Q

reduction of the number of microorganisms to a level considered acceptable with respect to public health

A

sanitization

80
Q

kills bacteria

A

bactericidal

81
Q

inhibits bacterial growth

A

bacteriostatic

82
Q

presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue

A

sepsis

83
Q

absence of contamination by unwanted organisms

A

asepsis

84
Q

equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121 degrees celsius

A

autoclave

85
Q

screenlike material that removes particles larger than 0.3 um from air

A

high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

86
Q
  • high-energy radiation with a wavelength less than 1nm; causes ionization
  • X rays and gamma rays are examples
A

ionizing radiation

87
Q
  • short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization

- Ultraviolet radiation is an example

A

nonionizing radiation

88
Q

Type of Aseptic Technique

  • “Clean Technique”
  • Goal: Sanitization
  • Hand Hygiene / Standard Degerming
  • Standard disinfection of Surfaces and Objects
  • Standard PPE (Person Protective Equipment)
A

Medical Asepsis

89
Q

Type of Aseptic Technique

  • “Sterile Technique”
  • Goal: Sterilization
  • Hand Hygiene / Intense Degerming / Surgical Scrub
  • Intense Disinfection of Surfaces and Objects
  • Sterile PPE (Person Protective Equipment)
  • Sterile Equipment / Maintenance of Sterile Field
A

Surgical Asepsis

90
Q

Do dry heat methods or moist heat methods penetrate better?

A

moist heat methods

91
Q

Primary effect = denatures enzymes

Incineration / Direct Flaming = ignites and burns up organisms; 100% effective at sterilization

Hot Air Oven = can sterilize, but only with high temp and very long duration of treatment

A

dry heat

92
Q

Boiling

Autoclaving (Most commonly used sterilization treatment)

Pasteruization

A

moist heat

93
Q

effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and non-enveloped viruses;

can disrupt membranes and dissolve many lipids, including the lipid component of enveloped viruses;

have the advantage of acting and then evaporating rapidly and leaving no residue

A

alcohol

94
Q

has little value as an antiseptic, but it does not have an important function in the mechanical removal of microbes through scrubbing:

A

soaps

95
Q
  • antiseptic found in many household medicine cabinets and in hospital supply rooms
  • not a good antiseptic for open wounds
  • effectively disinfects inanimate objects; sporadical at high concentrations
A

hydrogen peroxide

96
Q

mechanism of action: disruption of plasma membrane, denaturation of enzymes

preferred use: rarely used, except as a standard of comparison

  • seldom used as a disinfect or antiseptic because of its irritating qualities and disagreeable odor
A

Phenol

97
Q

mechanism of action: disruption of plasma membrane, denaturation of enzymes

preferred use: environmental surfaces, instruments, skin surfaces, and mucous membranes

  • derivatives of phenol that are reactive even in the presence of organic material
A

Phenolics (ex. Lysol)

98
Q

mechanism of action: disruption of plasma membrane

preferred use: skin disinfection, especially for surgical hand scrubbing

  • bactericidal to gram positives and gram negatives; nontoxic, persistent
A

Chlorhexidine (surgery setting)

99
Q
  • dental setting
A

Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC)

100
Q

ex. Iodine - in the surgical scrub Betadine, Chlorine - active ingredient in bleach

A

Halogens

101
Q

ex. Acetic Acid / Vinegar, Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Tartaric Acid, etc.

A

Organic Acids

102
Q

ex. Formaldehyde, Glutaraldenhyde - Can sterilize

A

Aldehydes

103
Q
  • Can sterilize

- Poisonous, but effective

A

Ethylene Oxide Gas

104
Q

ex. High-energy Hydrogen Peroxide based treatment

- Can sterilize

A

Gas Plasma

105
Q

ex. High-energy Hydrogen Peroxide based treatment
- Can sterilize
- Leaves no toxic residue; better alternative to Ethylene Oxide; relatively new so it is expensive

A

Gas Plasma

Microbiology Lecture (6 decks)

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