Unit 1: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
- the branch of science that studies microorganisms
- the study of very small living things
A
Microbiology
2
Q
minute living things that are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye
A
microbes aka microorganisms
3
Q
presence everywhere or in many places especially simultaneously
A
ubiquitous
microorganisms are found everywhere!
4
Q
disease-causing organism
A
pathogenic
5
Q
disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host
A
infectious disease
6
Q
microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease
A
normal microbiota aka normal flora aka microbiome
7
Q
microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances
A
opportunistic pathogen
8
Q
A number of environmental factors influence the spread of communicable diseases that are prone to cause epidemics. The most important of these are:
A
- water supply
- sanitation facilities
- food
- climate
9
Q
CLINICALLY IMPORTANT TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS INCLUDE:
A
bacteria, fungi/yeasts, fungi/molds, protozoa, viruses, viroids, prions
10
Q
# of Cells = unicellular Cell Type = prokaryotic Add. Info. = most have rigid, peptidoglycan containing cell wall Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota, antibiotic production, environmental decomposition Reproduction = binary fission
A
Bacteria
11
Q
# of Cells = unicellular Cell Type = eukaryotic Add. Info. = N/A Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota Reproduction = budding
A
Fungi —> Yeasts
12
Q
# of Cells = multicellular Cell Type = eukaryotic Add. Info. = N/A Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota, antibiotic production, environmental decomposition Reproduction = fragmenting or spore formation
A
Fungi —> Molds
13
Q
# of Cells = unicellular Cell Type = eukaryotic Add. Info. = most are motile / include amebas, etc. Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = help clean the environment Reproduction = many have multi-stage life cycles
A
Protozoa
14
Q
# of Cells = acellular Cell Type = not made of cells Add. Info. = made of DNA or RNA plus protein / may also have an envelope, enzymes Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = normal microbiota Reproduction = obligate intracellular parasites
A
Viruses
15
Q
# of Cells = acellular Cell Type = not made of cells Add. Info. = made of RNA only / cause plant diseases Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = N/A Reproduction = obligate intracellular parasites
A
Viroids
16
Q
# of Cells = acellular Cell Type = not made of cells Add. Info. = made of protein only / cause TSEs Ex. of Naturally Beneficial Activities = N/A Reproduction = change host protein into prions
A
Prions
17
Q
The diseases are characterized by a degeneration of brain tissue giving it a sponge-like appearance
- aka prion diseases
- aggressive; no useful treatments
A
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
EX: Mad Cow Disease
18
Q
Domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls:
A
Bacteria
Bacterium when referring to a single cell org.
19
Q
Non-filamentous, unicellular fungi:
A
Yeast
20
Q
Fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae:
A
Molds
21
Q
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms; usually chemoheterotrophic:
A
Protozoa
22
Q
A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
A
Viruses
23
Q
Infections RNA:
A
Viroids
24
Q
An infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids:
A
Prions
25
Cells that do not have a true nucleus or most other cell organelles:
Prokaryotic Cell
26
Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus:
Eukaryotic Cell
27
Types of organisms that have prokaryotic cells:
- bacteria
28
Types of organisms that have eukaryotic cells:
- yeasts
- molds
- protozoa
29
Types of organisms that are not made of cells:
- viruses
- viroids
- prions
30
A parasitic roundworm or flatworm is called a:
helminth
31
- process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient
- example of C.diff treatment
- oddly successful; 98-99% success rate
fecal transplant
32
- Coccus (Diplococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus) -
- Bacillus (Diplobacillus, Streptobacillus)
- Coccobacillus
- Spiral forms (Spirillum, Spirochete, Vibrio)
Shapes/Arrangements of Clinically Important Bacteria (Prokaryotic Cells)
33
A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface / a complex aggregation of microbes:
biofilm
34
A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell:
glycocalyx
35
An outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide:
capsule
36
A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9 1 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells:
flagellum (plural: flagella)
37
The structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum:
axial filament
38
An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment:
fimbria (plural: fimbriae) / attachment pili
39
Function allows 2 bacteria to attach to each other and share DNA:
conjugation pili
40
- Bacterial cell wall that has a thick layer on layer peptidoglycan structure
- Endotoxin ---> high fever; damages inside of capillaries; hemorrhaging; clotting; poor blood flow
Gram Positive / G+
41
- Bacterial cell wall that has a thin layer (outer membrane) of peptidoglycan; phospholipid bilayer; lipopolysaccharides; porin proteins
- Endotoxin
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (G-bacillus): narrow porins that are resistant to many antibiotic, ubiquitous, cystic fibrosis, burn wounds
Gram Negative / G-
42
- Bacterial cell wall that has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
- Thick wax with extremely narrow porin channels
- EX: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Acid Fast
43
Example of a bacteria that does not contain a cell wall:
EX: Mycoplasma pneumoniae ("walking pneumonia")
44
Digestive enzyme which digests peptidoglycan:
lysozyme
45
Stops bacteria from making new peptidoglycan:
penicillin
46
Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism; can be divided into two classes of chemical reactions - those that release energy and those that require energy:
metabolism
47
The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones; these reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions which use water and in which chemical bonds are broken), and they are exergonic produce more energy than they consume:
catabolism
48
When cells break down sugars into CO2 and H2O, this is an example of:
catabolism
49
The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and they are endergonic (consume more energy than they produce):
anabolism
50
Formation of proteins from amino acids is an example of:
anabolism
51
biological catalysts are called:
Enzymes
(as catalysts, each enzyme acts on a specific substances, called the enzyme's substrate and each catalyzes only one reaction)
52
substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves:
catalysts
53
factors that denature enzymes:
- pH
| - heat
54
Breaking down glucose releases energy, which is captured by the cell in the form of:
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP
55
Is a small molecule that gives cells a convenient way to briefly store energy:
ATP
56
How does an enzyme's active site relate to the enzyme's function?
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site.
Because active sites are finely tuned to help a chemical reaction happen, they can be very sensitive to changes in the enzyme’s environment
57
- competitive inhibitors
| - substances which bind enzymes and distort their active sites (ex. heavy metals)
enzyme inhibitors
58
The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required:
fermentation
59
Fermentation By-Products:
- alcohols
- acids
- gases
60
Fermentation: Total ATPs per Glucose:
2
61
Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)
aerobic respiration
62
Aerobic Respiration By-Products:
- carbon dioxide
| - water
63
Aerobic Respiration: Total ATPs per Glucose:
30-38
64
The requirements for microbial growth can be divided into two main categories:
- Physical = temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
| - Chemical = sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, trace elements, and organic growth factors
65
Microorganisms are classified into three primary groups on the basis of their preferred range of temperature:
- psychrophiles
- mesophiles
- thermophiles
66
- cold loving microbes
| - grow best at about -5 degrees celsius to about 20 degrees celsius
psychrophiles
67
- moderate temperature loving microbes
| - grow best at about 25 degrees celsius to about 40 degrees celsius
mesophiles
68
- heat loving microbes
| - grow best at about 50 degrees celsius and up
thermophiles
69
To neutralize the acids and maintain the proper pH, what is included in the growth media?
chemical buffers
70
The time required for a cell to divide and its population to double is called:
generation time
71
Period of little or no cell division is called:
lag phase
72
When cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth, or logarithmic increase, called:
log phase / exponential growth phase
73
Period of equilibrium:
stationary phase
74
The number of deaths eventually exceeds the number of new cells formed, and the population enters the:
death phase
75
removal or destruction of all live microorganisms (and viruses), including endospores:
sterilization
76
removal, destruction, or inhibition growth of most microorganisms
disinfection
77
disinfection of living tissue (skin and/or mucus membranes)
antisepsis
78
removal of surface organisms from skin
degerming
79
reduction of the number of microorganisms to a level considered acceptable with respect to public health
sanitization
80
kills bacteria
bactericidal
81
inhibits bacterial growth
bacteriostatic
82
presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue
sepsis
83
absence of contamination by unwanted organisms
asepsis
84
equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121 degrees celsius
autoclave
85
screenlike material that removes particles larger than 0.3 um from air
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters
86
- high-energy radiation with a wavelength less than 1nm; causes ionization
- X rays and gamma rays are examples
ionizing radiation
87
- short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization
| - Ultraviolet radiation is an example
nonionizing radiation
88
Type of Aseptic Technique
- "Clean Technique"
- Goal: Sanitization
- Hand Hygiene / Standard Degerming
- Standard disinfection of Surfaces and Objects
- Standard PPE (Person Protective Equipment)
Medical Asepsis
89
Type of Aseptic Technique
- "Sterile Technique"
- Goal: Sterilization
- Hand Hygiene / Intense Degerming / Surgical Scrub
- Intense Disinfection of Surfaces and Objects
- Sterile PPE (Person Protective Equipment)
- Sterile Equipment / Maintenance of Sterile Field
Surgical Asepsis
90
Do dry heat methods or moist heat methods penetrate better?
moist heat methods
91
Primary effect = denatures enzymes
Incineration / Direct Flaming = ignites and burns up organisms; 100% effective at sterilization
Hot Air Oven = can sterilize, but only with high temp and very long duration of treatment
dry heat
92
Boiling
Autoclaving (Most commonly used sterilization treatment)
Pasteruization
moist heat
93
effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and non-enveloped viruses;
can disrupt membranes and dissolve many lipids, including the lipid component of enveloped viruses;
have the advantage of acting and then evaporating rapidly and leaving no residue
alcohol
94
has little value as an antiseptic, but it does not have an important function in the mechanical removal of microbes through scrubbing:
soaps
95
- antiseptic found in many household medicine cabinets and in hospital supply rooms
- not a good antiseptic for open wounds
- effectively disinfects inanimate objects; sporadical at high concentrations
hydrogen peroxide
96
mechanism of action: disruption of plasma membrane, denaturation of enzymes
preferred use: rarely used, except as a standard of comparison
- seldom used as a disinfect or antiseptic because of its irritating qualities and disagreeable odor
Phenol
97
mechanism of action: disruption of plasma membrane, denaturation of enzymes
preferred use: environmental surfaces, instruments, skin surfaces, and mucous membranes
- derivatives of phenol that are reactive even in the presence of organic material
Phenolics (ex. Lysol)
98
mechanism of action: disruption of plasma membrane
preferred use: skin disinfection, especially for surgical hand scrubbing
- bactericidal to gram positives and gram negatives; nontoxic, persistent
Chlorhexidine (surgery setting)
99
- dental setting
Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC)
100
ex. Iodine - in the surgical scrub Betadine, Chlorine - active ingredient in bleach
Halogens
101
ex. Acetic Acid / Vinegar, Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Tartaric Acid, etc.
Organic Acids
102
ex. Formaldehyde, Glutaraldenhyde - Can sterilize
Aldehydes
103
- Can sterilize
| - Poisonous, but effective
Ethylene Oxide Gas
104
ex. High-energy Hydrogen Peroxide based treatment
| - Can sterilize
Gas Plasma
105
ex. High-energy Hydrogen Peroxide based treatment
- Can sterilize
- Leaves no toxic residue; better alternative to Ethylene Oxide; relatively new so it is expensive
Gas Plasma
