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GCSE Chemistry > Unit 2 Topic 5 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Topic 5 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

A molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Define fossil fuels

A

Fossil fuels that have formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals. Examples include coal, crude oil and natural gas.

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3
Q

Is the bottom of a fractionating column hotter or colder than the top?

A

Hotter

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4
Q

Which chemical is piped in at the bottom of a fractionating column?

A

Crude oil

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5
Q

What happens to the size of the molecules of fractions as you move down the fractionating column?

A

They become thicker

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6
Q

Define condensation

A

Change of state from a gas to a liquid on cooling

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7
Q

What does LPG stand for ?

A

Liquid Petroleum Gas

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8
Q

What are the main environmental concerns associated with the petrochemical industry?

A

Transport of crude oil can result in spills or leaks.
Drilling for oil in the sea bed can result in leaks.
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.

First two reasons can result in severe water pollution which harms and kills sea life.

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9
Q

Which element do all fossil fuels contain?

A

Carbon

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10
Q

When a fossil fuel burns, which gas does it give off?

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Is wood a fossil fuel?

A

No

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12
Q

True or false? Burning fossil fuels releases heat.

A

True

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13
Q

In order to burn fossil fuels, what element do you need?

A

Oxygen

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14
Q

Define homologous series

A

A family of organic compounds which have the same general formula and similar chemical properties, and differ by a gradual change in physical properties and a CH2 unit.

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15
Q

What is the general formula for the alkanes?

A

C(n)H(2n+2) - where n is the number of carbon atoms

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16
Q

What trait do all alkanes have in common?

A

They are all hydrocarbons

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17
Q

Name the first four members of the alkanes.

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane

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18
Q

Give the molecular formula of Methane

A

CH4

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19
Q

Give the molecular formula of Ethane

A

C2H6

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20
Q

Give the molecular formula of Propane

A

C3H8

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21
Q

Give the molecular formula of Butane

A

C4H10

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22
Q

Which state of matter are all of the alkanes at room temperature?

A

Gas

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23
Q

What type of bond is present in all alkanes between all the atoms?

A

Single covalent bond

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24
Q

What can we refer to the alkanes as?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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25
Q

What do the alkanes not have, which makes them less reactive?

A

A functional group

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26
Q

How can we identify a particular alkane?

A

Identify the number of carbon atoms

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27
Q

Each carbon in an alkane has how many bonds?

A

4

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28
Q

If the number of carbon atoms increases, what happens to the boiling point?

A

It increases

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29
Q

Hydrocarbons are mainly used as what?

A

Fuels

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30
Q

The burning of a substance in air

A

Combustion

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31
Q

What does combustion involve the reaction of, and what does it form?

A

Oxygen with the fuel, to form oxides

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32
Q

Is combustion an oxidation or reduction reaction?

A

Oxidation

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33
Q

Is combustion an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

Exothermic

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34
Q

General equation for complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

35
Q

General equation for incomplete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + water + energy

36
Q

In a combustion reaction, what kind of flame does the gas burn with?

A

The gas burns with a clear blue flame

37
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Bubble through limewater which will turn milky white

38
Q

Name the substance in coal gas which is toxic.

A

Carbon monoxide

39
Q

Name an energy source used to make many organic chemicals, including plastics

40
Q

Bond breaking requires energy and is …

A

endothermic

41
Q

Bond making gives out energy and is …

A

exothermic

42
Q

The alkenes are all …

A

hydrocarbons

43
Q

Give the molecular formula of ethene

44
Q

Give the molecular formula of propene

45
Q

General formula of the alkenes

46
Q

Alkenes must have at least one of these between two of the carbon atoms

A

Double covalent bond

47
Q

Alkenes can be described as …

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons

48
Q

Unsaturated

A

Refers to compounds with a double bond

49
Q

Saturated

A

Refers to compounds without a double bond

50
Q

What can alkenes be used to make?

51
Q

Each alkene has how many bonds around each carbon atom?

52
Q

How can we distinguish an alkane from an alkene?

A

Shake the hydrocarbon with bromine water (brown solution)

53
Q

What does the bromine do when shook with an alkene?

A

The bromine adds across the double bond of the alkene to produce a halogenoalkane.

54
Q

Observation after shaking an alkane with bromine water

A

Stays orange

55
Q

Observation after shaking an alkene with bromine water

A

Turns from orange to colourless

56
Q

What state are ethene and propene at room temperature?

57
Q

Why is there no member of the alkenes with just one carbon atom in the molecule?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which means there must be a double bond. A double bond can’t exist between carbon and hydrogen, only between two carbons.

58
Q

How are different fuels separated from each other by fractional distillation?

A

Boiling points and the number of carbon atoms in each molecule

59
Q

Name two chemicals that ethene can be used in the manufacture of.

A

Polythene and ethanol

60
Q

Ethene may be burned as a …

61
Q

Give two uses of polythene

A

Plastic bags and cling film

62
Q

Name three products obtained from crude oil

A

Petrol, kerosine and refinery gas

63
Q

Renewable resources

A

Renewable resources are continuously supplied by nature as they are used by consumers.

64
Q

Give two examples of renewable resources

A

Wind and solar energy

65
Q

Non-renewable resources

A

Fuels that are finite and can’t be replaced once they are used up

66
Q

What are chemicals obtained from crude oil known as?

A

Hydrocarbons

67
Q

Briefly describe crude oil

A

Crude oil is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which includes dissolved gases and solids

68
Q

Give the names of three fractions obtained from a fractionating column after crude oil is piped into the bottom

A

Petrol/gasoline, bitumen and refinery gas

69
Q

Use of refinery gas

A

Fuel for gas ovens

70
Q

Use of petrol

A

Fuel for vehicles

71
Q

Use of kerosine

A

Jet engines

72
Q

Use of diesel oils

A

In diesel engines

73
Q

Use of fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships

74
Q

Use of lubricating oil

A

Lubricants

75
Q

Use of tar (bitumen)

A

Asphalt on roads

76
Q

Describe the separation of crude oil by fractional distillation

A

Heated crude oil is piped in at the bottom of the fractionating column. Crude oil is heated to cause continual evaporation followed by condensation. Various fractions are tapped off at different levels where they condense.

77
Q

What is the functional group of a molecule?

A

The reactive group of the molecule

78
Q

Natural gas is mainly …

79
Q

Bottled gas is …

A

Propane/butane

80
Q

An experiment to distinguish between cyclohexane and cyclohexene (determining the presence of a C=C bond)

A
  1. Measure out 2cm3 of cyclohexane and put it into a labelled test tube.
  2. Measure out 2cm3 of cyclohexene and put it into a labelled test tube.
  3. Add 1cm3 of bromine water to each test tube and using a bung, shake both
  4. Write down your observations.
81
Q

Results of experiment to distinguish cyclohexane from cyclohexene.

A

Cyclohexane - bromine water stays orange

Cyclohexene - bromine water changes from orange to colourless

82
Q

General formula of the alcohols

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

83
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

84
Q

Why is it important to make the extraction of crude oil more efficient?

A

World reserves of crude oil are running out fast, and crude oil provides to us a wide range of useful substances that we cannot do without.

GCSE Chemistry (9 decks)

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