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Geography > Unit 2 - Topic 5 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Accessible

A

Easy to get to and from

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2
Q

Ageing population

A

When the proportion of older people rises

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3
Q

Reasons for rising population (2)

A

Longer life expectancy / falling fertility rates

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4
Q

Business parks

A

Areas specially designed for businesses

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5
Q

Connectivity

A

How easy it is to connect with other places (usually through travel)

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6
Q

Conurbations

A

A continuous urban or built up area (surrounding a central urban district)

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7
Q

Reasons for conurbations (1)

A

People commute to cities from towns because it’s too expensive to live in city

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8
Q

Core regions

A

Urban areas that drive economy

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9
Q

Deindustrialisation

A
  1. Closing industries
  2. Decreased economic activity in secondary and primary sectors
  3. Unemployment
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10
Q

Decentralisation

A

Shift off retail from Central Business District (CBD)

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11
Q

Depopulation

A

Decline of population

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12
Q

Deprivation

A

A lack of wealth and services
(Low standards of living)

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13
Q

Diversification

A

Growth of business and the products it sells

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14
Q

Enterprise zones

A

Areas where the government gives:
start up funds to companies
Reduced taxes
Super fast broadband
To encourage business

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15
Q

Key terms
Environmental quality

A

Environmental conditions - that affect humans

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16
Q

Key terms
Ethnicity

A

National, racial, cultural origin

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17
Q

EU grants

A

Funds from EU to poorest regions
Poorest = <75% of average GDP

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18
Q

Footloose

A

Companies not tied to a location
(Usually high tech)

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19
Q

FDI

A

Foreign direct investment
Investment one country to another

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20
Q

Free trade

A

Tariff free flow of goods and services

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21
Q

Globalisation

A

Increased connections between countries

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22
Q

Immigration

A

People moving to another country to live there permanently

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23
Q

IMD

A

Index of multiple deprivation - measure of deprivation
Based on factors such as quality of services and income

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24
Q

Infrastructure

A

Basic physical and organisational structures and facilities

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25
Q

Knowledge economy

A

Economy based on specialised knowledge or skill (tertiary and quaternary sector employment)

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26
Q

Migration

A

Movement of people from one place to another

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27
Q

Multicultural

A

Variety of culture/ethnicity

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28
Q

Multiplier effect

A

When businesses invest in an area, creating more jobs, housing and services, in turn attracting more people.

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29
Q

New economy

A

Majority Economic activity based on knowledge and information

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30
Q

Northern powerhouse

A

Major core region of cities in north England which can drive economy of north England e.g. Birmigham, Manchester ect

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31
Q

Old economy

A

Based on traditional primary and secondary industries

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32
Q

Population density

A

The average number of people in a given area, in people per km squared

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33
Q

Primary sector

A

Involved in getting raw materials from environment
(Farming, fishing, mining)

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34
Q

Privatisation

A

Change in Ownership of services from public (government/ local council) to private (shareholder)sectors

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35
Q

Quality of life

A

How wealthy someone is in terms of income and services and environment

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36
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Based on specialised knowledge or skill
Programmer

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37
Q

Radial network

A

Road network that meets in the middle

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38
Q

Regeneration

A

Redeveloping former industrial areas to improve

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39
Q

Regional development grants

A

Grants and advice to help businesses start
Usually small grants

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40
Q

Retail park

A

Shopping area on edge of a town/city

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41
Q

Rural periphery

A

Area away from urban core

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42
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

Area where the town or city meets the countryside

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43
Q

Sustainable

A

Can continue over a long time
(Due to no long term environmental damage)

44
Q

Tertiary sector

A

Service sector
Teaching, nursing, policing

45
Q

TNC

A

Trans-national corporation - companies with international operations

46
Q

World city

A

City that plays strong role in world affairs and is centre for finance and trade e.g. London New york ect

47
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - summary
What are the differences between urban and rural UK (list social and economic - use as many keywords as possible)
Give at least 3 differences

A

Social:
Population density
Conurbations
Rural periphery
Ageing population
Out-migration
Affluence

Economic:
Multiplier effect
Northern powerhouse
Urban core
Rural development plans
Enterprise zones

48
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - summary
What are the differences between urban and rural UK ?
Summarise in one sentence

A

Rural UK has lower population density, an ageing population, and lower levels of economic activity, compared to the urban cores (such as the Northern powerhouse) which benefits from the multiplier effect and has more tertiary/quaternary sector jobs

49
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions

Draw a flow diagram of the multiplier effect

A

Investment -> jobs ->migration -> spending -> jobs - >migration etc

50
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region

Why did Newcastle and Glasgow develop? (Due to what key industry)

A

Ship building

51
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region

Why are core areas densely populated

A

The multiplier effect - (investment, jobs, migration, service, jobs, migration)

52
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region

Define conurbation in a sentence

A

Extended urban area,
consisted of serval towns merging with suburbs of city

53
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region

Give 3 examples of London’s conurbations

A

Kent, Surrey, Croydon

54
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region

How can gentrification drive conurbation creation

A

Drives people out of cities due to high prices and in to neighbouring towns, but still working in cities

55
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - rural areas

What are some problems with rural peripheries’ small/sparse populations
List 2

A

‘Brain drain’ (younger, upwardly mobile people move away in search of better economic opportunities) + ageing population (lack of council tax due to pensioners)

56
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - rural areas

What is a ‘brain drain’?

A

younger, upwardly mobile people move away from economically stagnant/rural areas in search of better economic opportunities

57
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - summary

How can the rural-urban gap be reduced?
Summarise 4 ways using 4 key words and say whether they are EU or UK based and post/pre brexit

A

Freeport’s - UK - post
Enterprise zones - EU/ uk- Pre / post - should be checked
Improvements to transport and HS2 - UK - pre + post
Regional development/EU grants - EU/UK - pre+post

58
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives

What is a freeport + give an example

A

A UK based initiative post brexit, economic conditions aim to promote growth of business
Through laws to boost growth, lower taxes, investment
Copies enterprise zones (EU initiative)
Hull

59
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives

What is an enterprise zone + give an example

A

UK government (+EU?) invests and helps companies to grow in specific areas
Reduced taxes, grants, superfast broadband
Manchester airport

60
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives

What is an advantage to improving transport and give an example

A

Links rural peripheries and urban cores, improves communication allowing business to grow
HS2

61
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives

What are regional development / EU grants and who are they given to?

A

Targeted investment - towards areas with GDP less than 75% of EU average

62
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - summary

how has immigration affected the Uk population?
Summarise using keywords in 1 sentence

A

Net immigration has increased UK population, and has changed the shape of the population pyramid, by increasing numbers of young people

63
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population

What are 2 reasons for increased population in the UK

A

Net immigration, higher birth rates

64
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population

What are 2 reasons for increased birth rates in uk

A

2008 economic crash - damaged job prospects for women - more likely to have kids
Immigration from groups with higher birth rates

65
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population

Reasons for net immigration (3)

A

EU membership + freedom of movement
Globalisation and the knowledge economy
Economic migration

66
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population

Which generation contributes currently to UK ageing population

A

Baby boomers after WW2

67
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population

What is national migration

A

People moving to other areas within their country

68
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - summary

How have changes in the UK economy impacted types of employment?
Give 1 sentence summary answer

A

During the Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 main employment types were primary and secondary industry - the old economy
Now, employment types are mainly tertiary, with an emerging quaternary sector as part of the knowledge economy

69
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment

How has deindustrialisation and the domino effect impacted the employment structure of the UK (particularly the north)

A

Moved jobs away from secondary and primary sectors to tertiary and quaternary (knowledge economy)

70
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment
How has the emergence of footloose companies and teleworking influenced distribution of employment across the country

A

It has allowed high-tech tertiary and quaternary sector jobs to have employees in varied areas, including rural areas (as they can work from home)

71
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
Summarise the differences in employment between Dinnington and Canary Wharf

A

Dinnington - mainly tertiary and secondary, unskilled
Canary Wharf - quaternary sector (finance, law)

72
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
What is the difference in average salary between the two areas

A

Minimum wage vs £100 000 a year

73
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
True or false: Canary Wharf employment tends to have longer hours than Dinnington

A

True - often much more full time compared to a mix of part time and full time in Dinnington

74
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
What are two problems with the employment in Dinnington?

A

It is often temporary and outside Dinnington

75
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
True or false: footloose companies can indirectly develop conurbations

A

True - through people working from home in towns outside cities

76
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
How has the domino effect impacted dinnington?

A

Coal industry collapse leads to the collapse of steel and other industries and this has meant numbers employed in the primary sector has fallen dramatically since 1980 in dinnington

77
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
When was canary wharf developed through government investment

A

1980

78
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.6 - summary
How has globalisation influenced the UK economy?
Give a sentence summary

A

It has helped businesses and the economy grow and increased consumer choice however also eroded culture and often profits from global TNCs have been transferred to the country of origin

79
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.6 - summary
What negative impacts can TNCs have on the UK?

A

Exploitation of workers, UK workers are outcompeted by lower cost markets in other counties

80
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - summary
Why is London’s site and why is it situated there?
Give 1 sentence summary

A

Coastal, historical trade links, shallowest part of the river Thames, can be bridged, in the centre of all time zones

81
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
What is site

A

The land where something is

82
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
What is situation

A

Where something is with relation to something else

83
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zones
What is the burgess model of city zones

A

It models the existence of concentric circles surrounding the CBD of factories, working class, middle class areas

84
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
Does the burgess model of zones apply to London? What model does apply to London

A

No - the Hoyt model - as it is the ‘city of cities’ with many towns rather than one main city

85
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zones
What are 4 types of land use

A

Commercial, industrial, retail, leisure, (residential)

86
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - land use
Give an example of a financial district of London

A

Liverpool st. , Canary Wharf

87
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
Give an example of an inner suburb of London

A

Highgate, Hampstead

88
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
Give an example of an outer suburb of London

A

Barnet

89
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the CBD in london, and give some main land uses

A

High, with both permanent and transient population - commercial, retail (Oxford st), leisure (west end), residential

90
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the inner suburbs, it’s building density and land cost and environmental quality and accessibility

A

Very high, high, high (varied - higher building density = cheaper housing), varied, high (recent development)

91
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the outer suburbs, building density, land cost and accessibility

A

Mid, low, low, low,

92
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
True or false: London is a magnet for migrants due to educational and employment opportunities

A

True

93
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of international connectivity

A

Airports - Heathrow, Luton, Gatwick

94
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of national connectivity

A

Rail links - HS2

95
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of regional connectivity

A

Road networks - around London there are radial networks

96
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - immigration
Give 3 positives of migration

A

Diversity, multiplier effect, employment unwanted by UK citizens is taken up

97
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - immigration
Give 3 negatives of migration

A

Pressure on public service, gentrification, pressure on housing - difficult to get good quality houses, cost of living difficult for migrants, migrants can end up in low paid jobs

98
Q

8 marker - Assess the impacts of ….
How do you structure this?

A

3 x PEEL — some positive and some negative
Make a judgement using ASSESS at the end of each paragraph
Conclude taking a position using ASSESS paragraph

99
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What is London’s poverty rate

A

28%

100
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - immigration
_____ of the poorest of Uk live in London and ____ of the richest live in London as well

A

1 million

101
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What is deprivation?

A

Lack of wealth and services

102
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What are two links between deprivation and life expectancy

A

Bad health and nutrients level

103
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What does IMD stand for

A

Index of multiple deprivation

104
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
Give 5 components of the IMD

A

Income, employment, education, health, crime

105
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality - case study - Newham + Richmond
Give 3 reasons newham is deprived (with evidence)

A

21% of population had poor health, 43% of working age adults in Canning Town had no qualifications, high minority ethnic residents %

106
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality - case study - Newham + Richmond
Give 3 reasons Richmond is affluent

A

More open space per person than any other borough, average annual income 4 x Newham, 18% have poor health

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