Unit 2 Topic 2: Infectious Diseases

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

any condition that interferes with how an organism normally functions

Question 2

infectious vs non-infectious

Answer 2

communicable vs non communicable
pathogen vs genetics and other

Question 3

pathogen

Answer 3

disease causing agent

Question 4

virus

Answer 4

protein coat
circular DNA
non living
need host to replicate
secretes enzymes, cell lyses and releases viral particles
have glycoproteins

Question 5

bacteria

Answer 5

capsule
circular DNA
phospholipid bilayer
glycoproteins
single-celled prokaryotes

Question 6

prions

Answer 6

non living
mishapen proteins
bad one can make good one go bad

Question 7

fungi

Answer 7

unicellular/multicellular
reproduce via spores
cell walls composed of chitin
secretes enzyme into host
digest food externally

Question 8

protists

Answer 8

dont affect humans really
unicellular

Question 9

parasites

Answer 9

one organism benefits off the other
endoparasites and exoparasites

Question 10

modes of disease transmission

Answer 10

1. direct contact
2. body fluids
3. foodborne
4. waterborne
5. vectors

Question 11

pathogen recognition receptors

Answer 11

proteins that recognice pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 12

innate immunity

Answer 12

rapid response
doesnt have to be learned
non specific and doesnt have a memory
recognise common danger signals
detect PAMP directly with no help

Question 13

plant innate

Answer 13

physical: waxy cuticle, bark, stomata

chemical: defensins and toxins

Question 14

vertebrate innate

Answer 14

1st line:
- physical barriers
- skin
- acid in the vagina

2nd line
- inflammatory response: red, heat, swelling, macrophaged consume pathogens, mast cells produce histamines and prostaglandins (causes vasodilation, allowing lymphocytes ti reach site of infection quicker (neutrophils)).

• complement system: proteins in the blood promote chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cell lysis, opsonisation tags cells for phagocytes

Question 15

adaptive immunity

Answer 15

humoral (extracellular)
- b cells (plasma and memory)
- plasma produces antibodes and memory remembers the antigen for next time

cell-mediated (intracellular)
- t cells
- cytoxic kill
- helper help b cells produce antibodies
- regulatory suppresses immune system to prevent over-reaction
- t memory cells

Question 16

antibodies

Answer 16

opsonisation
agglutination
toxic neutralisation
complement activation

Question 17

passive

Answer 17

externally sourced
e.g placenta
e.g serum injections

Question 18

active

Answer 18

produced by body
e.g infections
e.g vaccines

Question 19

patterns of disease transmission

Answer 19

1. sporadic
2. endemic
3. epidemic
4. pandemic

Question 20

factors affecting spread of disease

Answer 20

1. mechanism of transmission
2. persistance within a host
3. movement of infected individuals
   herd immunity

Question 21

control for disease

Answer 21

1. hygiene
2. vaccines
3. reduce mass gatherings
4. travel restrictions
5. quarantine
6. temperature check
7. closing site of infection