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Physics IGCSE > Unit 2 - Thermal physics > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Thermal physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of solids

A
  • High density
  • Can’t flow
  • Fixed volume
  • Fixed shape
  • Can’t be compressed
  • Regular arrangement
  • Particles oscillate in a fixed position
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2
Q

Properties of a liquid

A
  • High density
  • Can flow
  • Fixed volume
  • No fixed shape - takes the shape of a container
  • Particles flow over each other
  • Can’t be compressed
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3
Q

Properties of a gas

A
  • Low density
  • Can flow quickly
  • Can be compressed
  • No fixed shape - takes the shape of a container
  • No fixed volume - takes the volume of a container
  • Can be compressed
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4
Q

Solid –> Liquid

A

Melting

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5
Q

Liquid –> Gas

A

Boiling

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6
Q

Solid –> Gas

A

Sublimation

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7
Q

Gas –> Liquid

A

Condensation

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8
Q

Liquid –> Solid

A

Freezing/solidifying

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9
Q

Gas –> Solid

A

Deposition

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10
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature a solid changes state to a liquid

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11
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature a liquid changes to a gas

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12
Q

Molecular structure of solids

A
  • Regular arrangement
  • Particles are closely packed together - held by strong attractive forces
  • Particles are not free to move
  • Particles oscillate in a fixed position
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13
Q

Molecular structure of liquids

A
  • Molecules are close together
  • Irregular arrangement
  • Particles can move/flow past each other
  • Weaker intermolecular forces than solids
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14
Q

Molecular structure of gases

A
  • Particles have more energy than solids and liquids
  • Particles are far apart/ not touching
  • Irregular arrangement
  • Very weak or no intermolecular forces
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15
Q

Particles during cooling

A
  • Particles slow down
  • Particles come closer together and move slowly enough for forces to make them change state
  • States change except for solid which particles just vibrate less
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16
Q

Absolute Zero

A

0˚K / -273˚C

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17
Q

Relationship with molecules and temperature

A

As the particles vibrate more frequently, temperature rises

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18
Q

Brownian motion

A

The free and random motion of particles

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19
Q

Pressure equation

A

Pressure = Force ÷ Area

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20
Q

Pressure in a container

A

Caused by the particles in the container colliding with the walls of the container, exerting a small force due to a change in momentum

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21
Q

Relationship with temperature and pressure

A
  • As temperature increases in a container, pressure increase because particles are moving faster and collide with walls more frequently
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22
Q

Relationship with pressure and volume

A
  • Inversely proportional
  • As volume decreases, particles have to travel decrease distance and have more frequently collisions, pressure increases
  • As volume increases, particles have to travel increased distance and have less frequent collisions, pressure decreases
  • Pressure = constant/volume
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23
Q

Relationship with kelvin and celsius

A
  • 0 Kelvin = -273C
  • 1 degree kelvin = 1 degree celsius
24
Q

Thermal expansion

A

The increased distance between particles (mostly in solids) due to an increase of temperature causing an increase in particle movement

25
Q

Quantity of thermal expansion by state

A
  • Solids - expand the least
  • Liquids - expand more than solids
  • Gases - can expand the most
26
Q

Internal energy

A

The sum of potential energy and kinetic energies of the particles inside an object

27
Q

Relationship with temperature and internal energy

A

As temperature increases, internal energy increases because kinetic energy of particles increases

28
Q

Factors on amount of internal energy stores by an object

A
  • Mass - greater the mass, greater the amount of energy stored
  • Temperature - greater temperature, more energy stored
  • Material - some materials require more energy to increase temperature than others
29
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a material by 1˚C

30
Q

Equation of specific heat capacity

A

Specific heat capacity = Change in energy ÷ (Mass x change in temperature)

31
Q

Units for Specific heat capacity

A

J/Kg˚C

32
Q

Water Specific heat capacity

A

4200J/Kg˚C

33
Q

Uses of water due to high specific heat capacity

A
  • Heating and cooling systems
  • Central heating
  • Car radiators
34
Q

Difference of boiling and evaporation

A
  • Boiling happens at a specific temperature
  • Evaporation happens at a range of temperatures
35
Q

Evaporation’s cooling effect

A

Since particles with the most kinetic energy escape, lowering the average kinetic energy of the liquid, lowering the temperature of liquid

36
Q

Molecules in evaporation

A

The molecules with the most kinetic energy at the surface break their bonds and escape the liquid,

37
Q

Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

A
  • Surface area - increases surface area increases rate of evaporation because more particles can escape
  • Temperature - increased temperature increases rate of evaporation since more particles have enough kinetic energy to escape
  • Wind/air flow - Increased airflow increases rate of evaporation because saturated vapor clears making it easier for particles to escape
38
Q

Types of energy transfer

A
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
39
Q

States of matter that use conduction

A

Solids

40
Q

Thermal conductors

A

Materials that are good are transferring thermal energy via conduction

41
Q

Thermal insulators

A

Materials that are bad at transferring thermal energy via conduction

42
Q

Units for conductivity

A

W/m^2

43
Q

Molecules in conduction

A

Particles vibrate more at higher temperatures, which causes the particles surrounding to vibrate more and eventually a temperature increase via lattice vibration

44
Q

Reason for metals being good conductors

A
  • Presence of free electrons that can move freely and collide with atoms, causing increased vibrations
45
Q

Conduction in gases and liquids

A
  • Gases - poor conductors because particles are far apart
  • Liquids - poor conductors because particles are further apart than solids and flow
46
Q

States of matter that use convection

A
  • Fluids (liquids and gases)
46
Q

Convection Currents

A
  • Fluids heats up and expands making it less dense
  • Less dense materials float to the top
  • Less dense material will cool at the top, condense, become more dense and sink to the bottom
  • Fluid circulates
47
Q

Sea breezes (Convection currents)

A
  • Day - land warms faster due to lower SHC than sea and rises above, drawing cool air from the water to the land
  • Night- Due to higher SHC water cools slower and hence rises, drawing cool air from land to water
48
Q

Relationship with temperature of objects and infrared radiation

A

The hotter the object the more infrared radiation emitted

49
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The full range of radiation (e.g. infrared) organized by frequency or wavelength

50
Q

Radiation in a vacuum

A

Radiation can travel through a vacuum e.g. Sun to Earth

51
Q

Three affects of radiation

A
  • Emits more than absorbs - cools
  • Absorbs more than emits - warms up
  • Emits and absorbs the same - constant temperature
52
Q

Radiation and surface color

A
  • Silvered surface are poor absorbers - they reflect
  • Black surfaces are good absorbers
53
Q

Radiation and surface texture

A
  • Shiny smooth surfaces - increases reflectiveness/ not good absorber
  • Dull colored surfaces - better emitters and absorbers
  • Rough surfaces - better emitters and absorbers
54
Q

Radiation and surface area

A

The larger the surface area, the more radiation emitted and absorbed

55
Q

Features of vacuum flasks to reduce thermal energy transfer

A
  • Lid - filled with air and foam (insulators) to reduce conduction
  • Small gap - Reduces conduction from outer and inner surfaces
  • Vacuum - totally prevents conduction and convection - no particles
  • Silver surface reduces emissions and absorption of infrared radiation
  • Flask - stops liquid from heating or cooling by preventing energy transfer into or out of center
  • Insulated supports - reduces conduction to outer casing
56
Q

Reducing heat loss in houses

A
  • Walls made of poor conductors
  • Thick carpets to reduce conduction through floors
  • Double glazed windows to reduce conduction and good insulator
  • Lofts insulated to reduce air flow
  • Outside painted light colors to reduce emission of radiation

Physics IGCSE (6 decks)

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