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Physics IGCSE > Unit 1 - Motion, forces and energy > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Motion, forces and energy Flashcards

1
Q

Common units of length

A

mm, cm, m, km

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2
Q

Common units of time

A

ms, s, min, h, d

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3
Q

Common units of volume

A

cm^3, m^3

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4
Q

Period

A

The time taken for a full oscillation (start - start)

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5
Q

Vectors

A

Measurements that have specific direction and magnitude

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6
Q

Scalars

A

Measurements that have magnitude but no specific direction in which they act

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7
Q

Scalar examples

A
  • Time
  • Speed
  • Pressure
  • Distance
  • Mass
  • Energy
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8
Q

Vector examples

A
  • Velocity
  • Displacement
  • Momentum
  • Weight
  • Acceleration
  • Force
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9
Q

Average speed calculation

A

Average speed(m/s) = Total distance travelled(m) ÷ Total time taken(s)

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10
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of an object in a specific direction

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11
Q

Acceleration

A

The change in velocity per unit time

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12
Q

Deceleration/negative acceleration

A

The negative change in velocity per unit time

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13
Q

Acceleration calculation

A

Acceleration(m/s^2) = Change in velocity (m/s) ÷ time taken (s)

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14
Q

Notation for deceleration

A
  • Negative acceleration e.g. -2m/s^2
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15
Q

Speed

A

The change in distance travelled per unit time

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16
Q

Displacement

A

How far an object is from its starting position in a particular direction

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17
Q

Features of a distance-time graph

A
  • Straight sloping line = constant speed
  • Straight loping line of higher gradient = faster constant speed
  • Flat/horizontal line = stationary
  • Gradient = Speed
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17
Q

Features of a speed-time graph

A
  • Flat horizontal line at zero speed = stationary
  • Flat horizontal line above zero speed = constant speed
  • Upward sloping line = acceleration - steeper gradient = higher acceleration
  • Downward sloping line = deceleration
  • Gradient = acceleration
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18
Q

Figure for acceleration of gravity/acceleration of free fall

A

g = 9.8m/s^2

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18
Q

Calculating distance travelled on a speed-time graph

A

Calculate the area under the line

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19
Q

Relationship with air resistance and acceleration

A
  • More air resistance = less acceleration
  • More acceleration = more air resistance
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20
Q

Terminal velocity

A

The ‘top speed’ of any object when falling

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21
Q

When terminal velocity occurs

A

When the downward force of weight is balanced by air resistance

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22
Q

Weight

A

A gravitational force on an object that has mass

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23
Q

Unit of weight

A

Newtons

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24
Q

Mass

A

The quantity of matter in an object at rest

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25
Q

Unit of mass

A

Kg

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26
Q

Gravitational field strength calculation

A

Gravitational field strength (N/Kg) = Weight(N) ÷ Mass(Kg)

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27
Q

Unit of gravitational field strength

A

9.8N/Kg - every 1 kg of mass is pulled downwards with the force of 9.8N

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28
Q

Gravitational field

A

A volume of space around where any mass would experience a force

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29
Q

Density calculation

A

Density (Kg/m^3) = Mass (Kg) ÷ Volume (m^3)

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30
Q

Density of water

A
  • 1g/cm^3
  • Density > 1g/cm^3 will sink
  • Density < 1g/cm^3 will float
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31
Q

How forces can affect am object

A
  • Change its shape
  • Change its size
  • Change its velocity
  • Change its direction of motion
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32
Q

Friction

A

Impeded motion and results in heating

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33
Q

Calculating forces

A
  • Forces acting in the same direction = addition
  • Forces acting in opposing directions = subtraction for resultant force
34
Q

Result of unbalanced forces

A
  • Resultant force –> change in speed
35
Q

Result of balanced forces

A
  • No resultant force –> constant speed or stationary
36
Q

Force calculation

A

Force (N) = Mass (Kg) x Acceleration (m/s^2)

37
Q

Effects of more perpendicular force / situations needing more perpendicular force

A
  • Mass of object increases
  • Speed of object increases
  • Radius of circle motion decreases
37
Q

Need for an object to turn in a circle

A

A force to act perpendicular to motion

38
Q

Hooke’s Law calculation

A

Force (N) = spring constant (N/m) x extension (m)

39
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

The point at which when enough force is added, the spring deforms - seen as curve on spring constant graph

40
Q

Moment

A

A turning force

41
Q

Moment calculation

A

Moment (Nm) = Force (N) x perpendicular distance to the pivot (m)n

42
Q

How to increase a moment

A
  • Increase size of force
  • Increase perpendicular distance from the pivot
43
Q

Principle of moments

A

Total clockwise moment = total anti-clockwise moment

44
Q

Equilibrium

A

No net moment / no resultant force forces or moments

45
Q

Centre of gravity

A

The average position of all the mass in that object

46
Q

Centre of gravity in regular shapes

A

Along the line of symmetry

47
Q

Factors to stability

A
  • Wide base
  • Low centre of mass
48
Q

Unstable

A

Center of gravity is not above the base

49
Q

Momentum calculation

A

Momentum (Kg m/s) = Mass (Kg) x Velocity (m/s)

50
Q

Factors to increases momentum

A
  • Increase velocity
  • Increase mass
51
Q

Law of conservation of momentum

A

In any collision, the total momentum before and after the collision is the same

52
Q

Impulse

A

Change in momentum

53
Q

Impulse calculation

A

Final momentum - initial momentum

54
Q

Impulse calculation 2

A

Impulse = Force x change in time

55
Q

Force calculation (impulse)

A

Force = change in momentum/impulse ÷ change in time

56
Q

Different types of energy

A
  • Kinetic energy
  • Chemical energy
  • Nuclear energy
  • Internal/thermal energy
  • Electrostatic energy
  • Elastic energy
  • Gravitational potential energy
57
Q

Principle of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one store to another

58
Q

Kinetic energy equation

A

Kinetic energy (J) = 1/2 x mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)^2

59
Q

Gravitational potential energy equation

A

Gravitation potential energy (j) = mass (kg) x acceleration of gravity (m/s^2) - 9.8 x change in height (m)

60
Q

Work equation

A

Work done = energy transferred

61
Q

Work done calculation

A

Work done (J) = Force (N) x distance moved in the direction of the force (m)

62
Q

How electricity if generates

A
  • Water boils into steam
  • Stream turn a turbine that turns a generator making electricity
63
Q

Nuclear energy

A
  • Uses a nuclear reaction to produce heat
64
Q

Hydroelectric energy

A
  • Water rushing downstream through pipes and turbines to generate electricity
65
Q

Tidal energy

A

Sea water trapped behind a dam wall to produce flow of water through turbines

66
Q

Wave energy

A

Movement of waves up and down to produce electricity

67
Q

Solar energy

A
  • Solar panels absorb infrared electromagnetic waves to heat water
  • solar cells produce electricity from the electromagnetic waves
68
Q

Wind energy

A

Wind spins a turbine to make electricity

69
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Water turns to steam due to heat of volcanic activity to spin a turbine

70
Q

Three energy resources not originally from the sun

A
  • Nuclear power
  • Tidal power
  • Geothermal power
71
Q

Pros and cons of fossil fuels

A

Pros:
- High power output
- 24 hours a day output
- Cheap to build
Cons:
- Non-renewable
- Produces greenhouse gases

72
Q

Pros and cons of nuclear energy

A

Pros:
- High power output
- 24 hours a day output
- No greenhouse gases
Cons:
- Non-renewable energy
- Radioactivity risks
- very expensive to build

73
Q

Pros and cons of hydroelectric energy

A

Pros:
- Renewable resource
- No greenhouse gases
- High power output
Cons:
- Disrupts animal habitats ad displaces people
- Needs a big river
- Expensive to build

74
Q

Pros and cons of tidal energy

A

Pros:
- Renewable resource
- No greenhouse gases
- High power output
Cons:
- Needs high tides - not common
- Blocks large area of the sea
- Expensive to build

75
Q

Pros and cons of wave energy

A

Pros:
- Renewable resource
- No greenhouse gases
Cons:
- New technology - not reliable
- Low power output

76
Q

Pros and cons of solar energy

A

Pros:
- Renewable resource
- No greenhouse gases
Cons:
- Unreliable - needs sunshine
- Low power output
- Expensive to build

77
Q

Pros and cons of wind energy

A

Pros:
- Renewable resource
- No greenhouse gases
- Cheap to operate
Cons:
- Unreliable - needs wind
- Low power output per turbine
- Expensive to build

78
Q

Pros and cons of geothermal energy

A

Pros:
- Renewable resource
- No greenhouse gases
- Reliable output
Cons:
- Only a few volcanic countries
- Relatively low power output

79
Q

Efficiency energy calculation

A

Efficiency = Useful energy output ÷ energy input x 100%

80
Q

Efficiency power calculation

A

Efficiency = Useful power output ÷ power input x 100%

81
Q

Power calculation

A

Power (W) = energy transferred (J) ÷ Time taken (s)

82
Q

Pressure equation

A

Pressure (Pa) = Force (N) ÷ Area (m^2)

83
Q

Change in pressure equation

A

Change in pressure = Change in depth of liquid (m) x density of liquid (Kg/m^3) x gravitational field strength (N/Kg)

Physics IGCSE (6 decks)

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