Unit 2: The Road to Confederation Flashcards
The Ohio Valley
The British took charge of fur trade and controlled how and when the valley would be settled.
Did not give FNs any gifts even though the people had become dependent on the two.
British forces spread smallpox by giving two blankets and a handkerchief to two FN leaders. Residents of Thirteen Colonies started settling in Ohio Valley.
Pontiac’s Resistance
Pontiac, an Odawa First Nation war chief led FNs to fight the British. In 1763 they overtook 9/12 British forts. In 1766, Pontiac signed a peace treaty with the British at Fort Ontario.
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
Quebec would be ruled by a British Governor.
Large areas of land in Canada and to the west of the Thirteen Colonies were reserved for FNs. Settlers and fur traders were not allowed to enter these lands without special government permission.
English law and courts would replace the French system, except for laws about marriage and property.
Catholics were not allowed to work for the government.
The gov’t would introduce English and promote the Protestant religion as the official language and religion of the colony.
The Governorship of James Murray
Murray ignored the Royal Proclamation provisions to assimilate the Canadiens. He allowed the continuance of French civil law, which made Quebec’s British residents complain.
The Governorship of Guy Carleton
Maintained the support of the Canadiens rather than trying to win the support of a few British merchants. Responsible for Quebec Act.
The Quebec Act of 1774
Quebec’s territory now included Ohio Valley.
Guaranteed French language rights and provisions to allow Roman Catholics to take some roles in governance.
Reinstated French property and civil laws and the title to support the Catholic Church.
British residents of Quebec were outraged.
Discontent in the colonies
Britain believed the colonists should help pay the costs of numerous expenses like British soldiers. The colonists were outraged by these taxes. Many felt betrayed by the boundaries set by the Royal Proclamation. They fought the French over the Ohio Valley only to be excluded. The Quebec Act was the last straw.
American War of Independence
1774 - 12 colonies agreed to boycott British trade until their petition to Britain had been addressed
1775 - Several armed clashes with British soldiers
July 4, 1776 - Declaration of Independence drafted. Thirteen colonies were no longer part of the British Empire. Canadiens felt indifferent.
Canada’s role in the American Revolution
The rebels printed copies of a statement to the Canadiens and posted it around Montreal and Quebec City.The statement called upon the Canadiens to overthrow the British. Britain hoped the Quebec Act had sufficiently appeased the Canadiens and that they would take up arms to fight the rebels. The American rebels attacked Quebec City and Montreal in 1775, they were met with indifference from most Canadiens, while some formed groups to fight the British.
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Ended the American War of Independence.
Americans gained control over the Ohio Valley.
British North America exists independently from the United States of America.
Royal Proclamation of 1763 Indian Provisions
Acknowledges FN territory and land and declares that it is only reserved for them.
No one shall make any purchases or settlements or possessions without special license and permission from the Crown.
There should be no fraud or abuses against FNs.
Only the Crown is allowed to buy land from FNs.
Who are loyalists?
Loyalists disagreed with the idea of the 13 colonies becoming an independent nation. They were loyal to the British Empire. Tradesmen, clergymen, farmers, soldiers and slaves. People from different religions and countries and origins and immigrants. They acted out on their loyalty by rebelling. They helped the British Army by becoming spies or secret agents and giving food and shelter to other Loyalists.
Cities with the highest percent of Loyalists
Boston, Philadelphia, and New York
Where did loyalists settle after being exiled?
Many who settled along what would later become St. John New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia (Cape Breton).
Some would settle in Quebec and Ontario. Some chose to settle in the Bahamas. Black Loyalists, who had been promised freedom if they joined the army and fought later moved on from British North America to Sierra Leone.
How Loyalist affected Canada
The Loyalist influx gave the region its first substantial population and led to the creation of a separate province, Upper Canada, in 1791.
Loyalists were instrumental in establishing educational, religious, social and governmental institutions. Inherited a certain conservatism, a preference for “evolution” rather than “revolution” in matters of government, and tendencies toward a pluralistic and multicultural society.
Their presence reinforced Canada’s ties to the British Empire and influenced its relationship with the United States.
Constitutional Act of 1791
The act divided the old Province of Quebec into Lower Canada and Upper Canada, each with its own parliament and government. It repealed the Quebec Act 1774 and divided the Loyalists. Upper Canada received English law and institutions, while Lower Canada retained French civil law and institutions, including feudal land tenure and the privileges accorded to the Roman Catholic Church.
Causes of War of 1812
Neither the British nor Americans had fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783)
British were supposed to vacate forts in the west but were still in command there
British wanted the Americans to compensate the Loyalists for the property taken during the American Revolution
British were kidnapping American sailors and forcing them to work on British ships
Americans believed that the British were encouraging Aboriginal peoples to resist frontier settlement while the British were hoping to create an Indigenous buffer zone between Canada and the US.
American nationalists in the House of Representatives called the War Hawks want to expand into Canada
Manifest Destiny - The belief that it was the divine right of the Americans to expand their territory over all of NA to enhance its wealth and power.
Main goal of War of 1812
Americans wanted to remove British authority from the North American continent and take over Canada
Who invaded Upper Canada first in the War of 1812
General William Hull occupied modern day Windsor, Ontario… eventually retreated to Fort Detroit
What did Sir Isaac Brock do?
British commander who was in charge of Upper Canada and joined forces with Tecumseh and chased the U.S forces across the border. The U.S forces surrendered in Detroit.
Who is Tecumseh?
First Nations Chief who represented bravery and resistance formed an alliance with Brock to secure land for FNs. He died trying to save his people from the Americans who kept killing FNs and stealing the land. He united tribes all over America.
The British success in the War of 1812
They were able to get to Washington and burn the president’s house. The walls were so scorches that they whitewashed them.
