Unit 1: People and Paradigms Flashcards
migration theory of beringia
ice levels dropped during last ice age
created a 1000km land bridge
paleolithic hunters followed animals over
took thousands of years
evidence to support beringia
the bluefish caves in yukon canada contain oldest evidence of humans and chipped stone tools similar to those in asia
coastal route theory migration
used boats to travel along the coastal
no evidence to support this
north atlantic crossing migration theory
paleolithic people crossed the north atlantic with boats
unlikely due to distance and technology at the time
north pacific cross and south pacific crossing migration theories
similar to the north atlantic crossing theory
did not involve coastal travel
confirms and refutes migration theories
4/5 indigenous people have Asian affiliations
1 that also appears in europe-casts some doubts on beringia theory
DNA theories
the two groups of people that were in the arctic prior to the present day inuit
paleo-eskimos
dorset people
spread rapidly throughout the arctic
highly mobile
introduced the bow and arrow to americas
paleo-eskimos
how were paleo-eskimos different from other arctic peoples
no boats
no floats on harpoons
no dogs
no oil lamps - only used open fire
arrived between 800 and 500 BCE
lived in larger groups
had more advanced tools than the paleo-eskimos
either absorbed or driven away the paleo-eskimos
dorset people
what did dorset culture have?
lamps
sled shoes
kayaks
domesticated dogs
art
belief in the supernatural and shamanistic ceremonies
who killed, displaced or absorbed the dorset people
thule people - ancestors of the modern inuit
European explores ventured out from their homelands to explore, conquer, and colonize other continents.
age of exploration / discovery
which group/individual from europe had first contact in north america
leif eriksson and the vikings
an area of coastal North America explored by Vikings
vinland
belief that europeans and their way of life was superior to any other people
eurocentrism
why did the europeans come to north america
mercantilism
resources
power
religion
population
prestige
equated a nations strength with the goal of national sufficiency. achieved through the acquisition of valuable resources
mercantilism
a way in which to achieve mercantilism. setting and controlling new lands with people from home country. often at the expense of local populations
colonisation
three steps to mercantilism
extract
market
colonization and permanent settlement
extracting raw resources and products from foreign land to make up for the exhausted raw resources of mother country
resources
certain lands were of strategic value in that they controlled travel and trade routes and had harbours giving them a certain advantage
power
religious rivalry in europe from reformation and catholics. wanted to convert and spread the christian message.
religion
settle surplus populations, unwanted or persecuted populations, remove an undesirable population
population
colonies were seen as a symbol of national power
prestige
what did italian john cabot do
rediscover north america and claimed for england in 1947
john cabots goal in exploring the new world
looking for the northwest passage to trade with the orient (spice trade)
where did john cabot land
newfoundland or cape breton
what did john cabot tell europe about
the grand banks - cod fisheries
what did french jacques cartier discover in his first voyage
discovered and explored st lawrence river and claimed a region for france
what was cartiers goal in exploring the new world
looking for gold and riches
still searching for the passage to orient
who did cartier interact with in first voyage
iroquois
kidnapped chief donnacona’s 2 sons and took to france
what did cartier call newfoundland
labrador “the land god gave cain”
what did cartier do on his second voyage
explored more of st. lawrence
discovered it was not the passage to the orient
spent winter at stadacona and many men died of scurvy
kidnapped chief donnacona who died in europe
what did the indigenous think of cartier
thought of him like a god who was able to heal people
cartier introduced disease to first nations
did not like him after death of donnacona
what city did cartier discover
montreal. named it mount royal
describe cartiers third voyage
set out to create settlement
plagued by scurvy, bad winter and attacks from first nations
by spring was forced to return to france
set main french claim for colonization
what did french samuel de champlain do
marked shift from exploration to permanent settlement in 1604
what was champlains nickname
father of new france
why did the first attempt to settle in canada fail?
due to location
where was first and longest permanent settlement in NA
at former location of native village called stadacona now quebec
hardships of first settlement
climate, harsh winters - not prepared
lack of food - starving and malnourished
scurvy from lack of vitamin c
who founded the colony of quebec
samuel de champlain
when was quebec founded
July 3, 1608
why was quebec a good location for a colony?
for its location on the St. Lawrence River with a deep-water harbor, shipping and import/exports dominated the economy. As a port city, Quebec ran a flourishing trade with the French West Indies and with ports in France.
what is the company of 100 associates
was a French trading and colonization company chartered in 1627 to capitalize on the North American fur trade and to expand French colonies there.
who established the company of 100 associates
Richelieu
who were the jesuits
The Society of Jesus
France insisted that Champlain send missionaries to New France in order to convert the indigenous
How did the jesuits attempt to reach their goal?
they learned Indigenous languages and customs, developed dictionaries and grammars, translated and preserved much of the history and traditions in their documents.
when did new france become a royal colony
in 1663
what issues did the people living in new france face prior to becoming a royal colony
physical and economic threat of iroquois
colonial threat of thirteen colonies
why was a royal government established in new france in 1663
to strengthen control over the territory and exploit its resources more efficiently
aimed to regulate fur trade, establish a more organized colonial administration and enhance economic benefits for the french crown
what changes happened when quebec became a royal colony in 1663
The French monarchy took direct control, replacing trading companies.
Administration became more structured with appointed governors and intendants.
Efforts were made to increase population through incentives for settlers.
Economic development was promoted, focusing on fur trade, agriculture, and shipbuilding.
Settlements expanded beyond Quebec, including Montreal and Trois-Rivières.
who is jean talon
first intendant of new france
what did jean talon accomplish in his position in new france
population growth with soldiers and engages
colonial economy, farming
industry development (lumber, looms, tried shipbuilding)
census/surveys
committed to extending France’s range of fur trade for control and encouragement of immigration
what was the seigneurial system
land-holding system
seigneurs were individuals or institutions who the king granted large tracts of land. in return for the land, were responsible for recruiting habitants to settle and work the land / collecting rents and fees.
habitants were the tenant farmers who cultivated the land within a seigneury.
who were the filles de roi
young unmarried women in france who were sent by the king and his admin to new france to become wives of the settlers. they were given a dowry of about fifty livres.
give me some information about the fur trade
mutual partnership between europeans and first nations
impacted fashion trend
beaver pelt became a currency
two fur trades - french and english
fur trade monopoly was granted to them
company of 100 associates
who did the french form alliances with during fur trade
the Algonkians and huron
what advantage did the french have
a geographic advantage
who did the french begin to replace the fn middlemen with in the 1700s
their own men
coureur des bois (runner of the woods)
tell me about the founding of hudson’s bay company
King Charles ii gave exclusive rights to the company over all lands that drained into hudsons bay in 1670
what is rupert’s land
included 40% of canadas present territory
at peak the company contorlled 3 million sq. miles of territory
what contributed largely to the exploration of cananda
sponsored ventures of fur traders who searched for new areas of fur and trading partners
they started to slowly map the territory of canada
lead to a greater understanding of the land that was located in these new territories and to people who lived in them
why did the french stop fur trade
too costly to transport furs all the way to montreal
hudson bay was closer
effects of the fur trade
first nations became dependent on european goods
intro of weapons and other goods like blankets for first nations
pitted first nation groups against eachother and sparked wars between indian nations
introduced disease and forced migrations of entire populations
results of the fur trade for first nations
a breakdown of a traditional way of life
creation of societal problems
results of the fur trade on the land
increased exploration into the interior for europeans
depletion of fur resources for both europeans and first nations
how was the new identity of new france different from people in france
new France’s identity was shaped by the blending of French and Indigenous cultures, resulting in a unique mix of traditions, languages, and customs. could be seen in the way they treated their children. they were important and stayed with parents.
Economic activities such as fur trading created a unique identity centered around frontier life and resource exploitation, different from the economic pursuits in France.
The social hierarchy in New France was less rigid, fostering greater social mobility and a distinct class of fur traders and voyageurs. they danced, were independent and self-sufficient.
why did the french keep the colony of acadia
so that the english could not have it
how was acadia neglected by france
france did not send any funds to help settlers colonize acadia or to support the defense military
acadia became increasingly independent
who did acadia become more aligned with
the indigenous allies of Mi’kmaq and Maliseet
why was acadia an easy target
it was on the sea and could be easily attacked by ship
it was frequently occupied by groups such as french, dutch and english
in 1605 what did the french and british have control of that caused many conflicts
french - quebec along the st. lawrence river
britain - 13 colonies and newfoundland
between 1627 and 1763 how many times was acadia passed back and forth between owners
14 times
how was nova scotia formed
port royal captured by the english in 1710 and renamed nova scotia
when was the treaty of utrecht
1713
what was the treaty of utrecht
gave britain control over the lands inhabited by the acadians
what was the oath of allegiance
the british allowed the acadians to continue their catholic faith and use french language but required them to take the oath to england
what caused problems with the oath of alleigance
the acadians insisted that the oath must include explicit guarantees that they would not be required to take up arms against the french in the future
issue was not resolved and was ignored and argued over for years
how long did the acadians live under british rules for
45 years
what was the problem with the treaty of utrecht
it did not consider the indigenous peoples region
the english expected the mi’kmaq and maliseet to take an oath of allegiance
as more people were brought to colonize their lands the mi’kmaq fought back
brought on wars between the english and the indigenous/french
what did the amended oath of allegiance in 1730 include
exempted acadians from fighting alongside the english against french
this amendment was only in the margins of the french translation so there is question as to whether or not the english knew about the change
when did the english want the acadians to sign a new oath without the condition of taking up arms against the french
1755
who was charles lawrence
acting governor of nova scotia who proclaimed privately that the acadians shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible
when did charles lawrence make his expulsion proclamation
july 28, 1755
why was the decison to expel the acadians kept a secret for a while
to prevent them from escaping with their livestocks and belongs
where did the acadians go
louisiana because their descendants called cajuns lived their
france
some escaped to canada
those who remained in nova scotia survived by hiding out in the woods and living with the mi’kmaq
We were always here:
the interpretation that the aboriginal people were always here. for them, the oral history and traditional stories have more credibility than the theories or archaeologists. The concept is expressed in a Mi’kmaq legend and story. the story has an accurate geological description of the beginning of the ice age. the swings between warming and extreme cold have been dramatic for thousands of years, as the traditional story suggests.
what tensions were between the british and french that resulted in the seven years war
driven by the commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France
French expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought France into armed conflict with the British colonies. Both claimed that land.
Both British and French forces, along with their Indigenous allies, clashed over control of the thirteen colonies regions.
Who is Montcalm?
a French military officer who served as the commander of French forces during the Seven Years’ War in North America. Best known for his leadership during the Battle of Quebec in 1759, where he fought against British General James Wolfe. Despite his tactical skill, Montcalm was defeated, and both he and Wolfe died in the battle.
Who is Wolfe?
was a British Army officer who played a crucial role in the Seven Years’ War.
His most notable achievement came during the Battle of Quebec in 1759. Wolfe’s strategic planning and leadership led to a decisive British victory. died in battle.
marked a turning point in the Seven Years’ War, leading to British dominance in North America and ultimately shaping the course of colonial history.
Who was Vaudreuil?
was a French colonial governor in North America during the mid-18th century. He served as the Governor General of New France which encompassed the crucial years of the Seven Years’ War in North America.
Vaudreuil faced the daunting task of defending French territories against British expansion while contending with limited resources and internal divisions within the French colonial administration. He played a significant role in coordinating French military efforts, including alliances with Indigenous tribes, during the conflict.
Eventually, Quebec City fell to the British, and Vaudreuil surrendered Montreal the following year, effectively ending French control over Canada.
Tell me about the battle of the plains of abraham/quebec
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought on September 13, 1759, was a pivotal confrontation during the Seven Years’ War. British forces, led by General James Wolfe, successfully scaled the cliffs to reach the Plains of Abraham overlooking Quebec City. There, they engaged French forces commanded by Marquis de Montcalm. Despite both Wolfe and Montcalm being mortally wounded, the British won a decisive victory. The battle marked a turning point in the conflict, leading to the eventual British conquest of Quebec and ultimately shaping the outcome of the war in North America.
what was the siege of quebec?
The siege of Quebec, also known as the second siege of Quebec, was a French attempt to retake Quebec City, in New France, which had been captured by Britain the previous year. The siege lasted from 29 April to 15 May, when British ships arrived to relieve the city and compelled the French commander, Francis de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis, to break off the siege and to retreat.
what was the treaty of paris and how did it impact north america?
The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years’ War) and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. Great Britain gained much of France’s possessions in North America. Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World.
