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History 30 > Unit 1: People and Paradigms > Flashcards

Unit 1: People and Paradigms Flashcards

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1
Q

migration theory of beringia

A

ice levels dropped during last ice age
created a 1000km land bridge
paleolithic hunters followed animals over
took thousands of years

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2
Q

evidence to support beringia

A

the bluefish caves in yukon canada contain oldest evidence of humans and chipped stone tools similar to those in asia

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3
Q

coastal route theory migration

A

used boats to travel along the coastal
no evidence to support this

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4
Q

north atlantic crossing migration theory

A

paleolithic people crossed the north atlantic with boats
unlikely due to distance and technology at the time

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5
Q

north pacific cross and south pacific crossing migration theories

A

similar to the north atlantic crossing theory
did not involve coastal travel

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6
Q

confirms and refutes migration theories
4/5 indigenous people have Asian affiliations
1 that also appears in europe-casts some doubts on beringia theory

A

DNA theories

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7
Q

the two groups of people that were in the arctic prior to the present day inuit

A

paleo-eskimos
dorset people

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8
Q

spread rapidly throughout the arctic
highly mobile
introduced the bow and arrow to americas

A

paleo-eskimos

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9
Q

how were paleo-eskimos different from other arctic peoples

A

no boats
no floats on harpoons
no dogs
no oil lamps - only used open fire

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10
Q

arrived between 800 and 500 BCE
lived in larger groups
had more advanced tools than the paleo-eskimos
either absorbed or driven away the paleo-eskimos

A

dorset people

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11
Q

what did dorset culture have?

A

lamps
sled shoes
kayaks
domesticated dogs
art
belief in the supernatural and shamanistic ceremonies

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12
Q

who killed, displaced or absorbed the dorset people

A

thule people - ancestors of the modern inuit

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13
Q

European explores ventured out from their homelands to explore, conquer, and colonize other continents.

A

age of exploration / discovery

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14
Q

which group/individual from europe had first contact in north america

A

leif eriksson and the vikings

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15
Q

an area of coastal North America explored by Vikings

A

vinland

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16
Q

belief that europeans and their way of life was superior to any other people

A

eurocentrism

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17
Q

why did the europeans come to north america

A

mercantilism
resources
power
religion
population
prestige

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18
Q

equated a nations strength with the goal of national sufficiency. achieved through the acquisition of valuable resources

A

mercantilism

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19
Q

a way in which to achieve mercantilism. setting and controlling new lands with people from home country. often at the expense of local populations

A

colonisation

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20
Q

three steps to mercantilism

A

extract
market
colonization and permanent settlement

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21
Q

extracting raw resources and products from foreign land to make up for the exhausted raw resources of mother country

A

resources

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22
Q

certain lands were of strategic value in that they controlled travel and trade routes and had harbours giving them a certain advantage

A

power

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23
Q

religious rivalry in europe from reformation and catholics. wanted to convert and spread the christian message.

A

religion

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24
Q

settle surplus populations, unwanted or persecuted populations, remove an undesirable population

A

population

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25
Q

colonies were seen as a symbol of national power

A

prestige

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26
Q

what did italian john cabot do

A

rediscover north america and claimed for england in 1947

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27
Q

john cabots goal in exploring the new world

A

looking for the northwest passage to trade with the orient (spice trade)

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28
Q

where did john cabot land

A

newfoundland or cape breton

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29
Q

what did john cabot tell europe about

A

the grand banks - cod fisheries

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30
Q

what did french jacques cartier discover in his first voyage

A

discovered and explored st lawrence river and claimed a region for france

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31
Q

what was cartiers goal in exploring the new world

A

looking for gold and riches
still searching for the passage to orient

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32
Q

who did cartier interact with in first voyage

A

iroquois
kidnapped chief donnacona’s 2 sons and took to france

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33
Q

what did cartier call newfoundland

A

labrador “the land god gave cain”

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34
Q

what did cartier do on his second voyage

A

explored more of st. lawrence
discovered it was not the passage to the orient
spent winter at stadacona and many men died of scurvy
kidnapped chief donnacona who died in europe

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35
Q

what did the indigenous think of cartier

A

thought of him like a god who was able to heal people
cartier introduced disease to first nations
did not like him after death of donnacona

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36
Q

what city did cartier discover

A

montreal. named it mount royal

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37
Q

describe cartiers third voyage

A

set out to create settlement
plagued by scurvy, bad winter and attacks from first nations
by spring was forced to return to france
set main french claim for colonization

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38
Q

what did french samuel de champlain do

A

marked shift from exploration to permanent settlement in 1604

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39
Q

what was champlains nickname

A

father of new france

40
Q

why did the first attempt to settle in canada fail?

A

due to location

41
Q

where was first and longest permanent settlement in NA

A

at former location of native village called stadacona now quebec

42
Q

hardships of first settlement

A

climate, harsh winters - not prepared
lack of food - starving and malnourished
scurvy from lack of vitamin c

43
Q

who founded the colony of quebec

A

samuel de champlain

44
Q

when was quebec founded

A

July 3, 1608

45
Q

why was quebec a good location for a colony?

A

for its location on the St. Lawrence River with a deep-water harbor, shipping and import/exports dominated the economy. As a port city, Quebec ran a flourishing trade with the French West Indies and with ports in France.

46
Q

what is the company of 100 associates

A

was a French trading and colonization company chartered in 1627 to capitalize on the North American fur trade and to expand French colonies there.

47
Q

who established the company of 100 associates

A

Richelieu

48
Q

who were the jesuits

A

The Society of Jesus
France insisted that Champlain send missionaries to New France in order to convert the indigenous

49
Q

How did the jesuits attempt to reach their goal?

A

they learned Indigenous languages and customs, developed dictionaries and grammars, translated and preserved much of the history and traditions in their documents.

50
Q

when did new france become a royal colony

A

in 1663

51
Q

what issues did the people living in new france face prior to becoming a royal colony

A

physical and economic threat of iroquois
colonial threat of thirteen colonies

52
Q

why was a royal government established in new france in 1663

A

to strengthen control over the territory and exploit its resources more efficiently
aimed to regulate fur trade, establish a more organized colonial administration and enhance economic benefits for the french crown

53
Q

what changes happened when quebec became a royal colony in 1663

A

The French monarchy took direct control, replacing trading companies.
Administration became more structured with appointed governors and intendants.
Efforts were made to increase population through incentives for settlers.
Economic development was promoted, focusing on fur trade, agriculture, and shipbuilding.
Settlements expanded beyond Quebec, including Montreal and Trois-Rivières.

54
Q

who is jean talon

A

first intendant of new france

55
Q

what did jean talon accomplish in his position in new france

A

population growth with soldiers and engages
colonial economy, farming
industry development (lumber, looms, tried shipbuilding)
census/surveys
committed to extending France’s range of fur trade for control and encouragement of immigration

56
Q

what was the seigneurial system

A

land-holding system
seigneurs were individuals or institutions who the king granted large tracts of land. in return for the land, were responsible for recruiting habitants to settle and work the land / collecting rents and fees.
habitants were the tenant farmers who cultivated the land within a seigneury.

57
Q

who were the filles de roi

A

young unmarried women in france who were sent by the king and his admin to new france to become wives of the settlers. they were given a dowry of about fifty livres.

58
Q

give me some information about the fur trade

A

mutual partnership between europeans and first nations
impacted fashion trend
beaver pelt became a currency
two fur trades - french and english

59
Q

fur trade monopoly was granted to them

A

company of 100 associates

60
Q

who did the french form alliances with during fur trade

A

the Algonkians and huron

61
Q

what advantage did the french have

A

a geographic advantage

62
Q

who did the french begin to replace the fn middlemen with in the 1700s

A

their own men
coureur des bois (runner of the woods)

63
Q

tell me about the founding of hudson’s bay company

A

King Charles ii gave exclusive rights to the company over all lands that drained into hudsons bay in 1670

64
Q

what is rupert’s land

A

included 40% of canadas present territory
at peak the company contorlled 3 million sq. miles of territory

65
Q

what contributed largely to the exploration of cananda

A

sponsored ventures of fur traders who searched for new areas of fur and trading partners
they started to slowly map the territory of canada
lead to a greater understanding of the land that was located in these new territories and to people who lived in them

66
Q

why did the french stop fur trade

A

too costly to transport furs all the way to montreal
hudson bay was closer

67
Q

effects of the fur trade

A

first nations became dependent on european goods
intro of weapons and other goods like blankets for first nations
pitted first nation groups against eachother and sparked wars between indian nations
introduced disease and forced migrations of entire populations

68
Q

results of the fur trade for first nations

A

a breakdown of a traditional way of life
creation of societal problems

69
Q

results of the fur trade on the land

A

increased exploration into the interior for europeans
depletion of fur resources for both europeans and first nations

70
Q

how was the new identity of new france different from people in france

A

new France’s identity was shaped by the blending of French and Indigenous cultures, resulting in a unique mix of traditions, languages, and customs. could be seen in the way they treated their children. they were important and stayed with parents.

Economic activities such as fur trading created a unique identity centered around frontier life and resource exploitation, different from the economic pursuits in France.

The social hierarchy in New France was less rigid, fostering greater social mobility and a distinct class of fur traders and voyageurs. they danced, were independent and self-sufficient.

71
Q

why did the french keep the colony of acadia

A

so that the english could not have it

72
Q

how was acadia neglected by france

A

france did not send any funds to help settlers colonize acadia or to support the defense military
acadia became increasingly independent

73
Q

who did acadia become more aligned with

A

the indigenous allies of Mi’kmaq and Maliseet

74
Q

why was acadia an easy target

A

it was on the sea and could be easily attacked by ship
it was frequently occupied by groups such as french, dutch and english

75
Q

in 1605 what did the french and british have control of that caused many conflicts

A

french - quebec along the st. lawrence river
britain - 13 colonies and newfoundland

76
Q

between 1627 and 1763 how many times was acadia passed back and forth between owners

A

14 times

77
Q

how was nova scotia formed

A

port royal captured by the english in 1710 and renamed nova scotia

78
Q

when was the treaty of utrecht

A

1713

79
Q

what was the treaty of utrecht

A

gave britain control over the lands inhabited by the acadians

80
Q

what was the oath of allegiance

A

the british allowed the acadians to continue their catholic faith and use french language but required them to take the oath to england

81
Q

what caused problems with the oath of alleigance

A

the acadians insisted that the oath must include explicit guarantees that they would not be required to take up arms against the french in the future
issue was not resolved and was ignored and argued over for years

82
Q

how long did the acadians live under british rules for

A

45 years

83
Q

what was the problem with the treaty of utrecht

A

it did not consider the indigenous peoples region
the english expected the mi’kmaq and maliseet to take an oath of allegiance
as more people were brought to colonize their lands the mi’kmaq fought back
brought on wars between the english and the indigenous/french

84
Q

what did the amended oath of allegiance in 1730 include

A

exempted acadians from fighting alongside the english against french
this amendment was only in the margins of the french translation so there is question as to whether or not the english knew about the change

85
Q

when did the english want the acadians to sign a new oath without the condition of taking up arms against the french

A

1755

86
Q

who was charles lawrence

A

acting governor of nova scotia who proclaimed privately that the acadians shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible

87
Q

when did charles lawrence make his expulsion proclamation

A

july 28, 1755

88
Q

why was the decison to expel the acadians kept a secret for a while

A

to prevent them from escaping with their livestocks and belongs

89
Q

where did the acadians go

A

louisiana because their descendants called cajuns lived their
france
some escaped to canada
those who remained in nova scotia survived by hiding out in the woods and living with the mi’kmaq

90
Q

We were always here:

A

the interpretation that the aboriginal people were always here. for them, the oral history and traditional stories have more credibility than the theories or archaeologists. The concept is expressed in a Mi’kmaq legend and story. the story has an accurate geological description of the beginning of the ice age. the swings between warming and extreme cold have been dramatic for thousands of years, as the traditional story suggests.

91
Q

what tensions were between the british and french that resulted in the seven years war

A

driven by the commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France
French expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought France into armed conflict with the British colonies. Both claimed that land.
Both British and French forces, along with their Indigenous allies, clashed over control of the thirteen colonies regions.

92
Q

Who is Montcalm?

A

a French military officer who served as the commander of French forces during the Seven Years’ War in North America. Best known for his leadership during the Battle of Quebec in 1759, where he fought against British General James Wolfe. Despite his tactical skill, Montcalm was defeated, and both he and Wolfe died in the battle.

93
Q

Who is Wolfe?

A

was a British Army officer who played a crucial role in the Seven Years’ War.
His most notable achievement came during the Battle of Quebec in 1759. Wolfe’s strategic planning and leadership led to a decisive British victory. died in battle.
marked a turning point in the Seven Years’ War, leading to British dominance in North America and ultimately shaping the course of colonial history.

94
Q

Who was Vaudreuil?

A

was a French colonial governor in North America during the mid-18th century. He served as the Governor General of New France which encompassed the crucial years of the Seven Years’ War in North America.

Vaudreuil faced the daunting task of defending French territories against British expansion while contending with limited resources and internal divisions within the French colonial administration. He played a significant role in coordinating French military efforts, including alliances with Indigenous tribes, during the conflict.
Eventually, Quebec City fell to the British, and Vaudreuil surrendered Montreal the following year, effectively ending French control over Canada.

95
Q

Tell me about the battle of the plains of abraham/quebec

A

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought on September 13, 1759, was a pivotal confrontation during the Seven Years’ War. British forces, led by General James Wolfe, successfully scaled the cliffs to reach the Plains of Abraham overlooking Quebec City. There, they engaged French forces commanded by Marquis de Montcalm. Despite both Wolfe and Montcalm being mortally wounded, the British won a decisive victory. The battle marked a turning point in the conflict, leading to the eventual British conquest of Quebec and ultimately shaping the outcome of the war in North America.

96
Q

what was the siege of quebec?

A

The siege of Quebec, also known as the second siege of Quebec, was a French attempt to retake Quebec City, in New France, which had been captured by Britain the previous year. The siege lasted from 29 April to 15 May, when British ships arrived to relieve the city and compelled the French commander, Francis de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis, to break off the siege and to retreat.

97
Q

what was the treaty of paris and how did it impact north america?

A

The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years’ War) and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. Great Britain gained much of France’s possessions in North America. Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World.

History 30 (2 decks)

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