Unit 1: People and Paradigms Flashcards
migration theory of beringia
ice levels dropped during last ice age
created a 1000km land bridge
paleolithic hunters followed animals over
took thousands of years
evidence to support beringia
the bluefish caves in yukon canada contain oldest evidence of humans and chipped stone tools similar to those in asia
coastal route theory migration
used boats to travel along the coastal
no evidence to support this
north atlantic crossing migration theory
paleolithic people crossed the north atlantic with boats
unlikely due to distance and technology at the time
north pacific cross and south pacific crossing migration theories
similar to the north atlantic crossing theory
did not involve coastal travel
confirms and refutes migration theories
4/5 indigenous people have Asian affiliations
1 that also appears in europe-casts some doubts on beringia theory
DNA theories
the two groups of people that were in the arctic prior to the present day inuit
paleo-eskimos
dorset people
spread rapidly throughout the arctic
highly mobile
introduced the bow and arrow to americas
paleo-eskimos
how were paleo-eskimos different from other arctic peoples
no boats
no floats on harpoons
no dogs
no oil lamps - only used open fire
arrived between 800 and 500 BCE
lived in larger groups
had more advanced tools than the paleo-eskimos
either absorbed or driven away the paleo-eskimos
dorset people
what did dorset culture have?
lamps
sled shoes
kayaks
domesticated dogs
art
belief in the supernatural and shamanistic ceremonies
who killed, displaced or absorbed the dorset people
thule people - ancestors of the modern inuit
European explores ventured out from their homelands to explore, conquer, and colonize other continents.
age of exploration / discovery
which group/individual from europe had first contact in north america
leif eriksson and the vikings
an area of coastal North America explored by Vikings
vinland
belief that europeans and their way of life was superior to any other people
eurocentrism
why did the europeans come to north america
mercantilism
resources
power
religion
population
prestige
equated a nations strength with the goal of national sufficiency. achieved through the acquisition of valuable resources
mercantilism
a way in which to achieve mercantilism. setting and controlling new lands with people from home country. often at the expense of local populations
colonisation
three steps to mercantilism
extract
market
colonization and permanent settlement
extracting raw resources and products from foreign land to make up for the exhausted raw resources of mother country
resources
certain lands were of strategic value in that they controlled travel and trade routes and had harbours giving them a certain advantage
power
religious rivalry in europe from reformation and catholics. wanted to convert and spread the christian message.
religion
settle surplus populations, unwanted or persecuted populations, remove an undesirable population
population
colonies were seen as a symbol of national power
prestige
what did italian john cabot do
rediscover north america and claimed for england in 1947
john cabots goal in exploring the new world
looking for the northwest passage to trade with the orient (spice trade)
where did john cabot land
newfoundland or cape breton
what did john cabot tell europe about
the grand banks - cod fisheries
what did french jacques cartier discover in his first voyage
discovered and explored st lawrence river and claimed a region for france
what was cartiers goal in exploring the new world
looking for gold and riches
still searching for the passage to orient
who did cartier interact with in first voyage
iroquois
kidnapped chief donnacona’s 2 sons and took to france
what did cartier call newfoundland
labrador “the land god gave cain”
what did cartier do on his second voyage
explored more of st. lawrence
discovered it was not the passage to the orient
spent winter at stadacona and many men died of scurvy
kidnapped chief donnacona who died in europe
what did the indigenous think of cartier
thought of him like a god who was able to heal people
cartier introduced disease to first nations
did not like him after death of donnacona
what city did cartier discover
montreal. named it mount royal
describe cartiers third voyage
set out to create settlement
plagued by scurvy, bad winter and attacks from first nations
by spring was forced to return to france
set main french claim for colonization
what did french samuel de champlain do
marked shift from exploration to permanent settlement in 1604