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Beef Science > Unit 2 - The Production Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Production Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s “Calving Interval”?

A

The length of time between calving date in the CURRENT year and calving date in the PREVIOUS year for a single cow.

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2
Q

What’s is the average calving interval?

A

< or equal to 12 months

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3
Q

How do you calculate “Pregnancy Rate”?

A

(Cows pregnant / Cows exposed for breeding in the current year) x 100

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4
Q

What is the ideal pregnancy rate?

A

> or equal to 90%

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5
Q

What is “Calving Distribution”

A

Refers to the proportion of all cows calving during each successive 20-day period of the calving season.

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6
Q

What is the calving distribution proportion ratio in a 60-day season?

A

60:20:20
(Start of season, middle of season, end of season)

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7
Q

How do you calculate the “ Calf Crop” or aka “Weaning Percentage”?

A

( calves weaned / cows exposed for breeding the previous year) x 100

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8
Q

How long are postpartum anestrous intervals?

A

< or equal to 45 days.

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9
Q

During the postpartum interval, do estrus cycles occur?

A

No. Pregnancy is not possible.

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10
Q

When do estrus cycles resume?

A

When Uterine involution (repair) is complete.

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11
Q

What should the average calf crop be?

A

> or equal to 90%

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12
Q

What are the 7 overall goals for cow-calf producers?

A

1) average calving interval < 12 months.
2) Pregnancy rates >90%
3) Few calving difficulties
4) few neonate health problems
5) Calving distribution at 60:20:20 in 60-day season
6) Postpartum anestrous intervals < 45 days
7) Calf crop >90% (weaning percentage)

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13
Q

How many producers use the “Spring-Calving Herd Cycle” and why?

A

70%. Spring foraging of cool seasons grass saves on expenses when providing nutrition.

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14
Q

How many producers use the “Fall-Calving Herd Cycle” and why?

A

30%. Because although nutrition is more expensive at this time, producers market return will also be higher and make up for the price.
Also make pre-calving system simpler.

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15
Q

How long is the Gestation period?

A

282 days

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16
Q

How long is the Pre-calving period?

A

60 days

17
Q

How long is the calving period?

A

1 day

18
Q

How long is the Lactation Period?

A

100 to 270 days

19
Q

How long is the Pre-breeding period?

A

60 days

20
Q

How long is the Breeding period?

A

45 to 60 days

21
Q

How long is the Weaning period?

A

1 to 60 days

22
Q

How long is the Heifer development period?

A

1.5 to 2.5 years

23
Q

What unique challenges do each of the stages of the cow-calf production cycle present?

A

1) reproduction
2) health
3) nutrition
4) genetics

24
Q

Describe the Gestation Cycle ( conception-calving)

A

-coincide with mid and late lactation
-calf is weaned during this period.
- Pregnancy Dx occurs 60-90 days into the cycle.
-Cows are sometimes culled based on performance.
- Cow nutrient intake is MODEST at this time.
- Low-quality forage used.
-Internal and external parasite control given d/t being moved.

25
Q

Describe the Pre-Calving period

A
  • nutrient requirements are HIGH
  • 65-80% fetal growth occurs here
    -Body condition needs to be > 5.0 on a 1-9 scale.
  • Cows are moved into calving pasture.
    -Herd sires are selected or purchased during this time.
26
Q

Describe the Calving period

A

-nutrient intake is low right before calving, the QUALITY must be increased.
-calf is born
-ensure adequate colostrum intake (passive immune transplant) by calf first 48 hours of life.
- perform neonate health and record keeping
-ensure placenta is delivered

27
Q

What is “Dystocia”?

A

Calving difficulty.

28
Q

What are the benefits of early conception?

A

1) greater calf weaning weights
2) longer intervals for cows from calving to subsequent breeding.

29
Q

Describe the Lactation period

A

-coincide with pre-breeding, breeding, and early gestation
- milk output peaks shortly after calving and declines naturally after
- nutrient requirement VARY with milk output
-cow body condition decreases as lactation length increases

30
Q

Describe the Pre-breeding period

A

-coincide with lactation
-cows and bulls vaccinated 30-75 days before
-parasite control applied upon turnout to breeding pasture
- bulls should be examined for breeding soundness approx. 60 days before season because of length of spermatogenesis.
- > 2 full estrus cycles before exposure to breeding

31
Q

Why might a bull fail breeding soundness?

A

1) broken sperm cells
2) storage defects
3) will only receive a defer scale on their 1st fail

32
Q

Describe breeding period

A

-coincide with mid-lactation
-cows placed in breeding pasture 2 weeks before breeding
- internal and external parasite applied at turnout
-calves are branded, castrated, dehorned, an vaccinated early in breeding period.
-bulls checked daily for injury and adequate libido

33
Q

How long should producers wait for natural immunization to kick in before trying to do any procedures on calf ?

A

60 days

34
Q

What’s the most common cause for a bull to not breed?

A

A eye injury or infection such as conjunctivitis.

35
Q

Describe the weaning period

A

-lactation ends abruptly
-calves are vaccinated twice for Clostridial and respiratory diseases.
-calves learn to eat feed and drink water
-calves treated for internal and external parasites
- weaning management is highly variable in the U.S.

36
Q

Describe heifer development period

A
  • potential heifer replacements selected
  • replacements are vaccinated for vibriosis
    And brucellosis ( must be given by vet)
    -heifers fed to achieve 55-65% mature weight by first breeding (12-14 months)
    -heifers are bred 15-30 days earlier than mature cows
37
Q

What traits are used to select replacement heifers?

A

1) birth date
2) sire
3) conformation
4) thriftiness
5) weaning weight

Beef Science (6 decks)

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