Unit 2 | The motivational process Flashcards
Who is the author of the 2002 study on motivation?
Palmero
According to Palmero (2002), what is motivation closely linked to?
Survival, both in terms of life-death distinction and its social dimension.
How is motivation described in relation to adaptation?
Motivation is an adaptive process that involves various components.
Why is motivation considered dynamic?
Because it is a process that involves change and movement.
Who proposed a simple scheme for the motivation process in 2001?
Deckers
What are the three moments in the motivation process according to Deckers (2001)?
Choice of target/objective
Behavioral dynamism
Completion or control over the action performed
What is the first step in the motivation process according to Deckers (2001)?
Choice of target/objective
What does “behavioral dynamism” refer to in Deckers’ motivation process?
The active process of engaging in behavior to achieve the objective.
What is the final stage of motivation according to Deckers (2001)?
Completion or control over the action performed
What is the first phase of the motivational process?
The individual decides which motive will satisfy them.
What are the four associated processes in the first phase of motivation?
Intensity of the Motive – Strength of the impulse or need.
Incentive Attractiveness – Value or desire associated with the incentive.
Subjective Probability of Success – Likelihood of achieving the goal.
Striving for the Goal – Anticipated effort required.
What does “Intensity of the Motive” refer to in motivation?
How strong the impulse or need is.
What does “Incentive Attractiveness” mean?
The value or desire a person associates with the incentive.
How does “Subjective Probability of Success” influence motivation?
It refers to how likely a person believes they can achieve the goal.
What does “Striving for the Goal” mean in the motivational process?
The amount of effort the person anticipates will be needed.
What is Behavioral Dynamism in the motivation process?
It refers to the activities an individual carries out to achieve their objective.
What does an individual consider during Behavioral Dynamism?
Which activities will help them achieve the goal and executing the appropriate instrumental behavior.
How does Behavioral Dynamism impact goal achievement?
The correct execution of instrumental behaviors determines whether the chosen goal is achieved.
What does Completion or Control Over the Action Performed refer to?
It is the analysis of the result achieved through the actions or instrumental behaviors executed by the individual.
What does an individual assess in this phase of motivation?
Whether their behaviors have successfully satisfied the chosen motive.
What happens if the goal is not achieved?
The individual decides whether to persist and try again, depending on their interest or need to achieve the goal.
Why is motivation not always a simple process?
Because complex behaviors like altruism and addictive behaviors involve multiple cognitive and emotional factors.
What is a more detailed model of the motivational process?
Stimulus – External or internal trigger.
Perception – Recognizing the stimulus.
Evaluation/Assessment – Determining its significance.
Choice of Goal – Selecting a desired outcome.
Decision to Act – Committing to action.
Activation – Initiating behavior.
Direction – Guiding behavior towards the goal.
Control of Results – Assessing success and adjusting if needed.
How does this model apply to addictive behaviors?
The stimulus (e.g., stress) leads to perception and evaluation (e.g., craving), followed by goal selection (e.g., substance use) and activation of behavior.
How does this model explain altruism?
An external stimulus (e.g., seeing someone in need) is perceived and evaluated, leading to a choice to help, followed by action and evaluation of its impact.
What is the Stimulus in the motivational process?
A stimulus capable of triggering motivation; it can be external or internal, real or imagined, conscious or unconscious.
What happens if there is no conscious perception of a stimulus?
The individual will not notice the stimulus and will not feel motivated to act.
What is Evaluation-Appraisal in motivation?
A decision-making process where a person evaluates:
The likelihood of achieving the goal
The value or importance of the goal
What factors influence Goal Choice and Decision to Act?
Desire/Need
Goal Value
Expectation of Success
These factors interact multiplicatively—if any factor is zero, the motivated behavior does not occur.
Which variable is considered the main driver of motivated behavior?
Need is the main driver of motivated behavior.
Given the factors Desire/Need (+), Value (+), and Expectation (-), would the survivors eat?
Despite the low expectation of success, the strong desire/need to eat and the high value of food likely motivated them to take action, and they did eat (even through extreme and controversial means)
What is Initial Activation in the motivational process?
It is initiated when a need or a desirable stimulus is detected, triggering specific corrective mechanisms to address the need.
What is Selective Activation?
Only the systems necessary to address the need are activated, aiming to restore balance (known as homeostatic activation).
What is Goal-Directed Activation?
When activation becomes specialized to focus on behaviors and systems that enable the pursuit of a consciously chosen goal.
What does Parsimony mean in the context of activation?
Activation is efficient, focusing only on the systems essential to achieving the goal, while maintaining homeostasis (internal balance) during the process.
What are the two possibilities of Direction in motivation?
Choice of the objective that will become the goal.
Choice of instrumental behaviors that will lead the individual toward the goal.
What does the first possibility of Direction refer to?
It refers to the selection of the objective or goal that the individual aims to achieve.
What does the second possibility of Direction involve?
It involves the choice of instrumental behaviors—the specific actions or strategies needed to achieve the goal.
What is Progress Monitoring in the motivational process?
The individual compares the current situation with the desired situation, continuing to strive to minimize the difference as they approach the goal.
How does Goal Attractiveness influence motivation?
The decision to persist depends on the attractiveness of the goal, including affective (emotional) and cognitive (thought-related) gratifications, social recognition, and self-esteem.
What is Causal Attribution in the context of motivation?
The individual analyzes the reasons for their progress (or lack of it) and adjusts their behavior or goals to improve results in the future.
What happens in the Persistence or Change phase?
If progress is insufficient (incongruence is not reduced), the individual may decide to change their actions or goals, or even abandon the goal if a clear path to success is not apparent.
: What is Homeostasis in motivational psychology?
Homeostasis refers to the process by which organisms maintain a state of internal equilibrium in response to external changes or challenges.
Who introduced the concept of Homeostasis?
The concept was introduced by Cannon based on his physiological studies.
What happens when an imbalance is detected in the body?
Mechanisms are activated to restore equilibrium, both physiologically and through behavioral actions.
Give an example of Homeostasis in action.
If the body is cold, physiological mechanisms like shivering generate heat, and behaviors like seeking warmer clothing help restore balance.
What is the role of Negative Feedback in motivated behavior and homeostasis?
Negative feedback acts as a control mechanism that regulates and stops behavior once a need has been satisfied or a goal has been achieved.
How does Negative Feedback work in relation to homeostasis?
It helps restore balance by reducing the motivated behavior once the imbalance (e.g., stress or need) is addressed.
What is an example of Negative Feedback in action?
If you’re stressed at work and take a break, your anxiety and stress levels decrease. Negative feedback signals that you’re returning to a balanced emotional state, prompting you to reduce the break and return to work.
What is the relationship between necessity and demand?
The relationship is inverse—the greater the degree of need, the less demanding the individual becomes in satisfying that need.
How does the degree of need affect the demand in motivation?
When the need is stronger, the individual becomes less demanding about how the need is satisfied, focusing more on fulfilling the necessity rather than the conditions or demands surrounding it.
Who proposed the distinction between the Approach Phase and the Consummation Phase?
The distinction was proposed by Craig in 1918.
What is the difference between the Appetitive (Approach) Phase and the Consummatory Phase?
Appetitive Phase: Involves heterogeneous and varied movements aimed at obtaining a goal. It can be influenced by learning and personal experience.
Consummatory Phase: Involves homogeneous and species-specific movements that fulfill instinctive behavior, reflecting invariable and instinctive behavior patterns.
What characterizes the Appetitive Phase of motivated behavior?
The Appetitive Phase involves a variety of behaviors aimed at achieving a goal, and these behaviors can be shaped by learning and experience.
What characterizes the Consummatory Phase of motivated behavior?
The Consummatory Phase involves instinctual behaviors that are species-specific, homogeneous, and invariable to achieve the goal.
How should motivation be considered?
Motivation must be seen as a process, which includes not only the motivated behavior itself but also cognitive variables (analysis, assessment, and attribution of causes) and affective variables (the subject’s current emotional state).
What role do cognitive variables play in motivation?
Cognitive variables involve the analysis, assessment, and attribution of causes, influencing how an individual interprets and responds to the motivation process.
What role do affective variables play in motivation?
Affective variables refer to the emotional state of the individual, which affects how they experience and respond to motivation.
What is the key idea in defining motivation?
Motivation should be defined as an adaptive process that incorporates both cognitive and affective factors to guide behavior.
What is the starting point of the motivational process?
The process begins with the presence of an internal or external stimulus or situation, triggering the need or desire to carry out a behavior to achieve a goal.
What factors does the individual consider before deciding to act?
The individual evaluates:
Availability of resources
Difficulty of the goal
Incentive value of the goal
Current state of the organism
What happens after the evaluation and assessment?
The individual decides to carry out a behavior aimed at achieving the most appropriate goal at that moment.
What are the phases of motivated behavior?
Motivated behavior consists of:
Appetitive phase (approach)
Consummatory phase (execution)
What happens after the behavior is executed?
The individual verifies congruence, makes attributions about causes, and considers the potential for generalization
