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Biology > Unit 2: The Molecules Of Life > Flashcards

Unit 2: The Molecules Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental substances combined in various ways

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2
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Dense central area of the atom composed of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles

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5
Q

Neutrons

A

Electrically neutral particles

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6
Q

Electrons

A

A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus

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7
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The mass of the atom

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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9
Q

Ions

A

Electricity charged atoms

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10
Q

Orbital

A

A region of space where an electron is present most of the time

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11
Q

Shell

A

An energy level in an electron

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12
Q

Periodic Table of the Elements

A

The arrangement of the chemical elements into tabular form

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13
Q

Molecules

A

Substances made up of two or more atoms

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14
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A form of attraction between atoms that holds them together

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15
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Electrons in the outermost orbitals of an atom that have the highest energy level

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16
Q

Molecular Orbital

A

Two atomic orbitals each containing one electron merge into a single orbital containing a full complement of two electrons

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17
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A shared pair of electrons that holds atoms together

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18
Q

Electronegativity

A

Unequal sharing of electrons resulting from a difference in the ability of the atoms to attract electrons

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19
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

When electrons are shared unequally between two atoms

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20
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Results when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to an electronegative atom interacts with an electronegative atom of another molecule

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21
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A bond formed from the attraction of a positive and negative ion

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22
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

A process by which reactants are transformed into products

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23
Q

Reactants

A

Molecules at the start of the reaction

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24
Q

Products

A

Molecules at the end of the reaction

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25
Polar
Molecules with regions of positive and negative charge
26
Hydrophilic
Compounds that dissolve readily in water
27
Solvent
Substances capable of dissolving many substances
28
Aqueous
A watery environment
29
Hydrophobic
Compounds that are nonpolar and arrange themselves to minimize contact with water
30
Hydrophobic Effect
Polar molecules exclude nonpolar ones
31
Acidic
A solution in which the concentration of protons is higher than hydroxide ions, and the pH is less than 7
32
Basic
A solution in which the concentration of protons is lower than hydroxide ions and the pH is greater than 7
33
Organic Molecules
Carbon-containing molecules
34
Double Bond
Two adjacent carbon atoms that share two pairs of electrons
35
Isomers
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures
36
Proteins
Provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions
37
Nucleic Acids
Encode and transmit genetic information
38
Carbohydrates
Provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae
39
Lipids
Make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signalling molecules
40
Polymers
Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds
41
Amino Acids
Make up proteins
42
Nucleotides
Composed of nucleic acids
43
Sugars
Made up of carbohydrates
44
Fatty Acids
Lipid membranes that define cell boundaries
45
Enzymes
Accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
46
Alpha Carbon
A central carbon atom
47
Carboxyl Group
COOH
48
Amino Group
NH2
49
R Group/Side Chain
Differs from one amino acid to the next
50
Peptide Bond
The carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of the next
51
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The genetic material in all organisms
52
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A key player in protein synthesis and the regulation of gene expression
53
Base
A nitrogen containing compound
54
Pyrimidine Bases
Have a single ring
55
Thymine (T)
A pyrimidine base
56
Cytosine (C)
A pyrimidine base
57
Uracil (U)
A pyrimidine base
58
Purine
Bases that have a double-ring structure
59
Adenine (A)
A purine base
60
Guanine (G)
A purine base
61
Phosphodiester Bond
Forms when a phosphate group in one nucleodotide is covalently joined to the sugar unit in another nucleotide
62
Double Helix
DNA in cells that are consisted of two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in the form of a double helix
63
Complementary
Where one strand carries an A, the other carries a T; and where one strand carries a G, the other carries a C
64
Carbohydrates
Molecules composed of C, H, and O atoms, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1
65
Saccahrides
The simplest carbohydrates (sugars)
66
Monosaccharide
A simple sugar
67
Polysaccharides
Simple sugars that combine in many ways to form polymers
68
Complex Carbohydrates
Long, branched chains of monosaccharides
69
Aldoses
Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group
70
Ketoses
Monosaccharides with a ketone group
71
Glycosidic Bonds
When monosaccharides are attracted to each other by covalent bonds
72
Triacylglycerol
A lipid that is used for energy storage
73
Glycerol
Molecule in which three fatty acids get joined to form triacylglycerol
74
Saturated
Fatty acids that do not contain double bonds
75
Unsaturated
Fatty acids that contain carbon-carbon double bonds
76
Van der Waals Forces
Interactions within a molecule due to the asymmetry of positive and negative charges
77
Steroids
A type of lipid
78
Phospholipids
A type of lipid and major component of the cell membrane
79
Bilayer
A two-layered structure with the hydrophilic heads pointing outward toward the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails oriented inward away from water

Biology (4 decks)

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