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Biology > Unit 2: The Moelcules Of Life > Flashcards

Unit 2: The Moelcules Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Elements

A

Materials of nature that are made up of a small number of fundamental substances combined in various ways

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2
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles

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5
Q

Neutrons

A

Electrically neutral particles

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6
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus at some distance from it

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

The mass of the atom based on the number of protons and neutrons

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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9
Q

Ions

A

Electrically charged atoms

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10
Q

Orbital

A

A region of space

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11
Q

Shell

A

Energy level

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12
Q

Molecules

A

Made up of two or more atoms

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13
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Form of attraction between atoms that holds them together

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14
Q

Valance Electrons

A

Electrons furthest away from the nucleus at the highest energy level

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15
Q

Molecular Orbital

A

A merged orbital when two atomic orbitals each containing one electron merge into a single orbital containing a full complement of two electrons

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16
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A bond in which a pair of electrons get shared between two atoms

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17
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of atoms to attract electrons

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18
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons shared unequally between two atoms

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19
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Results when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to an electronegative atom interacts with an electronegative atom of another molecule

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20
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A bond that forms due to the attraction of opposite charges

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21
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

A process which given molecules are transformed into different molecules

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22
Q

Reactants

A

Molecules at the start of a chemical reaction

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23
Q

Products

A

Molecules at the end of a chemical reaction

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24
Q

Polar

A

Regions of positive and negative charge

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25
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“Water loving”

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26
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water fearing”

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27
Q

Solvent

A

Capable of dissolving substances

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28
Q

Aqueous

A

Watery environment

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29
Q

Hydrophobic Effect

A

Polar molecules exclude non-polar ones

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30
Q

Acidic

A

When the concentration of protons is higher than hydroxide ions and the pH is less than 7

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31
Q

Basic

A

When the concentration of protons is less than that of hydroxide and the pH is greater than 7

32
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Carbon-containing molecules

33
Q

Double Bond

A

Two adjacent carbon atoms that share two pairs of electrons

34
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

35
Q

Proteins

A

Provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions

36
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Encode and transmit genetic information

37
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in plants, algae, and bacteria

38
Q

Lipids

A

Make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signaling molecules

39
Q

Polymers

A

Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds

40
Q

Amino Acids

A

Form the polymers of proteins

41
Q

Nucleotides

A

Composed of nucleic acids

42
Q

Sugars

A

Helps to form carbohydrates

43
Q

Fatty Acids

A

A type of lipid that define cell boundaries

44
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that function as catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions

45
Q

Alpha Carbon

A

A central carbon in the amino acid

46
Q

Carboxyl Group

47
Q

Amino Group

48
Q

R Group/Side Chain

A

Molecule that differs from one amino acid to the next

49
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of the next

50
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

The genetic material in all organisms

51
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

A key player in protein synthesis and the regulation of gene expression

52
Q

Base

A

A nitrogen containing compound

53
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Base that has a single ring

54
Q

Thymine (T)

A

A pyrimidine base

55
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

A pyrimidine base

56
Q

Uracil (U)

A

A pyrimidine base

57
Q

Purine

A

Base that has a double-ring structure

58
Q

Adenine (A)

A

A purine base

59
Q

Guanine (G)

A

A purine base

60
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

A bond that forms when a phosphate group in one nucleotide is covalently joined to the sugar unit in another nucleotide

61
Q

Double Helix

A

Two strands of nucleotides that get twisted around each other to form a double helix

62
Q

Complementary

A

Bases that form specific purine-pyrimidine bases

63
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules composed of C, H, and O atoms in a 1:2:1 format

64
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

65
Q

Polysaccharides

A

The combination of many sugar units that provide long-term energy storage or structural support in cell walls

66
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

Long branched chains of monosaccharides

67
Q

Aldoses

A

Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group

68
Q

Ketoses

A

Monosaccharides with a ketone group

69
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

Bonds between monosaccharides

70
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

A lipid that is used for energy storage

71
Q

Glycerol

A

A 3-carbon molecule with OH groups attached to each carbon

72
Q

Saturated

A

Fatty acids that do not contain double bonds

73
Q

Unsaturated

A

Fatty acids that contain double bonds

74
Q

van der Walls Forces

A

The temporarily polarized molecules that are weakly binded to one another because of the attraction of opposite charges

75
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid

76
Q

Phospholipids

A

A type of lipid that is a major component of the cell membrane

77
Q

Bilayer

A

A two-layered structure with the hydrophilic heads pointing outward toward the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails oriented inward, away from water.

Biology (5 decks)

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