Unit 2-the internet

Question 1

Computing Device

Answer 1

a machine that can run a program, including computers,tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Question 2

Computing system

Answer 2

a group of computing devices nad programs working together for a common purpose

Question 3

computing network

Answer 3

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

Question 4

path

Answer 4

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver

Question 5

bandwidth

Answer 5

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

Question 6

protocol

Answer 6

an agreed upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

Question 7

IP address

Answer 7

the unique number assigned to each device on the internet

Question 8

router

Answer 8

a type of computer that forwards data across a network

Question 8

internet protocol (IP)

Answer 8

a protocol for sending data across theh internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

Question 9

redundancy

Answer 9

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

Question 10

fault tolerant

Answer 10

can continue to function even in the recent of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups

Question 11

HTTP

Answer 11

HyperText Transfer Protocol- the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

Question 12

ternet

Answer 12

a computing network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open ( non-proprietary) communication protocols

Question 13

Packet metadata

Answer 13

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message

Question 14

routing

Answer 14

the process of finding a path from sender to receiver

Question 15

UDP

Answer 15

a protocol used on the internet for fast transmission of information but with minimal error checking

Question 16

World Wide Web

Answer 16

a system of linked pages, programs, and files

Question 17

Router

Answer 17

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

Question 18

Certificate authority

Answer 18

issues digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications and are based on a trust model

Question 19

digital divide

Answer 19

differing access to computing devices and the internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics

Question 20

How many bits are in an IPv4 address?

Answer 20

32

Question 21

How many bits are in an IPv6 IP address?

Answer 21

64

Question 22

What does TCP stand for?

Answer 22

Transmission control protocol

Question 23

What does UDP stand for

Answer 23

User datagram protocol

Question 24

How does TCP work?

Answer 24

TCP works by doing error-checking on the part of the receiver to ensure all packets were received and properly ordered. If not, then a GET request is sent to retrieve the missing data.
-it NUMBERS packets so they can be retrieved in the correct order

Question 25

Datastream

Answer 25

Information passed through the internet in packets

Question 26

What does DNS stand for?

Answer 26

Domain name system

Question 27

What is DNS?

Answer 27

the service that translates URLS/web addresses into IP addresses
-it is a network of servers

Question 28

server

Answer 28

a computer that awaits and responds to requests for data

Question 29

client

Answer 29

a computer that requests data stored on a server

Question 30

To/from address

Answer 30

like an IP address, included on every message sent over the internet

Question 31

dropped messages

Answer 31

poorly formed messages that cannot be delviered

Question 32

multiple hops

Answer 32

a message traveling across the internet will visit as many routers as each tries to forward it along the most efficient path to its destination

Question 33

net neutrality

Answer 33

a legal debate about the principle that internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites

Question 34

scalability

Answer 34

the internet’s design that allows it to grow indefinitely.

Question 35

Koan 1- It’s all about bits

Answer 35

All activity on a computer is powered by bits.
Although all activities online use bits, not all uses of bits are governed the same way; certain programs have different regulations than others, despite them more or less operating in the same fashion.

Question 36

Koan 2 -perfection is normal

Answer 36

the odds of an erroneous bit are lower than the odds of a physical catastrophe. In other words, computers rarely make mistakes in their operation.
networks check to see if errors were created in bits during transmission.
This is dangerous because perfect copies can be created of music, art, and other forms of intellectual property.

Question 37

Koan 3-There is want in the midst of plenty

Answer 37

Because data is becoming digital. physical data is being lost
data stored on obsolete devices ceases to exist
If information can’t be found quickly online, we are quick to assume it doesn’t exist.
This wealth of information online leads to misinformation and disinformation.

Question 38

Koan 4-Processing is power

Answer 38

The speed of a computer is measured by the number of asic operations that it can perform in one second.
Computers are becoming exponentially faster as the result of chips and processor advancements. These advancements are also making computers more affordable.

Question 39

Koan 5-More of the same can be a whole new thing

Answer 39

computers can be described as exponential growth. Initially, the advancement of computers increased steadily, but only in the 21st century has advancement become drastic and noticeable.
Bits have taken the job of many people in the tech industry.

Question 40

Koan 6-Nothing goes away

Answer 40

Loyalty programs pay customers to collect data about their buying patterns, which can help them modify their supply chains to maximize profit.
Key cards at hotels track our whereabouts and give the data to the parent company.
This has increased potential for research, but also for disaster, as this data can be stolen.

Question 41

Koan 7-Bits move faster than thought

Answer 41

News travels faster, and people can share their experiences and find communities on the internet.
totalitarian governments shut down the internet if surveillance fails to regulate the people.
national and state borders are still enforced on the internet.
Some countries are pushing for laws that erase the data of an event, or of a person’s misdeed, from the internet.

Question 42

cookie

Answer 42

text file stored on the client computer and they are kept for data storage purposes

Question 43

What layers are the internet are considered higher levels of abstraction

Answer 43

HTTP, DNS

Question 44

what layers of the internet are considered low levels of abstraction

Answer 44

IP, TCP/UDP

Question 45

What is the hierarchy of layers of the internet abstraction (lowest to highest)

Answer 45

physical network, IP, TCP and UDP, DNS, and HTTP

Question 46

What considerations do routers take into account when sending messages along the internet?

Answer 46

-The most “time inexpensive/”, efficient path
-this is related to site traffic, politics between network companies, and relationships between network companies

Question 47

How does TCP/UDP transmit information

Answer 47

it creates packets from data and transfers control to IP for routing

Question 48

What is IP repsonsible for?

Answer 48

IP is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.