Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ophthalmology > Unit 2 - The fundus > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The fundus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the fundus?

A

Retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, tapetum, chroid, sclera, and optic nerve head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you evaluate the fundus?

A

Direct/indirect ophthalmoscopy

Ultrasonography

Electroretinogram

Advanced ocular imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the retinal vascular patterns?

A

Holangiotic, paurangiotic, merangiotic, and anangiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the holangiotic retinal vascular pattern.

A

Vessels go throughout the fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What species have the holangiotic retinal vascular pattern?

A

Dog, cat, and rodent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the paurangiotic retinal vascular pattern.

A

Short vessels directly adjacent to the optic nerve head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What species have paurangiotic retinal vascular patterns?

A

Horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the merangiotic retinal vascular pattern.

A

Vessels are in a broad horizontal band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What species have merangiotic retinal vascular patterns?

A

Rabbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the anangiotic retinal vascular pattern.

A

No blood vessels are in the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What species have anangiotic retinal vascular patterns?

A

Birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the normal feline fundus look like?

A

Dark, small, round optic nerve - not myelinated

3 major venules leave the disk edge with 3 major arterioles

If the tapetum is present, it is usually yellow or green in color +/- pigment in the choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the normal canine fundus look like?

A

Usually 3 or 4 major venules that cross the disc edge

Forms a circle on the optic disc surface

Up to 20 arterioles

The tapetum can be any color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the canine optic disc typically look like?

A

Variable amount of myelin

Pale pink in color

Physiological pit +/- pigmented ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the normal horse fundus look like?

A

30-60 small blood vessels extend a short distance from the disk edge

Oval, pink, optic disc in the non-tapetum

‘Stars of winslow’ - end on capillaries in tapetum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: The pecten is a normal part of the rabbit fundus.

A

False - it is a normal part of the bird fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical signs of fundic disease?

A

Vision-loss (day versus night)

Dilated, poorly/non-responsive pupils

Decreased/absent dazzle reflex

Changed tapetal reflectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of these is normal?

A

A - notice the hyperreflextive ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following is representative of hyporeflectivity? Hyperreflectivity?

A

Hyporeflectivity - B

Hyperreflectivity - C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When a fundus is hyporeflective, what is the problem layer?

What is wrong with it?

A

Retina - edematous/infilatrated retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When a fundus is hyperreflective, what is the problem layer?

What is wrong with it?

A

Retina - atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does vascular attenuation look like?

A

There should be tertiary branching and it should reach the periphery of the fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What disorders is vascular attenuation seen in?

A

Retinal degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What vascular change is present in this photo?

A

Lipemia retinalis - hyperlipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What vascular change is present in this photo?
Engorged vessels - hyperviscosity syndrome
26
What vascular change is present in this photo?
Perivascular cuffing - inflammatory disease
27
What vascular changes are present in these photos?
Retinal hemorrhages
28
What are the differential diagnoses for retinal hemorrhages?
Systemic hypertension Coagulopathies Chorioretinitis Diabetic retinopathy (dogs) Vasculitis Severe anemia Hyperviscosity Trauma
29
What lesion is present in this photo?
Multifocal retinal dysplasia/folds
30
What lesion is present in this photo?
Multifocal retinal dysplasia/folds
31
What lesion is present in this photo?
Geographic retinal dysplasia
32
What is Collie Eye anomaly?
A hereditary eye disease in collies and other herding breeds
33
What syndrome does Collie eye anomaly cause?
Choroidal hypoplasia Tortuous vessels Optic nerve/peripapillary colobomas +/- retinal detachment
34
What is a coloboma?
Congenital defect/absence of tissue
35
What is optic nerve hypoplasia?
When there is a small optic nerve head with visual deficits
36
What breed is predisposed to optic nerve hypoplasia?
Miniature poodle
37
What is micropapilla?
A small optic nerve heat but visual
38
T/F: Progressive retinal atrophy is an acquired disease.
False - it is hereditary
39
What is progressive retinal atrophy?
The progressive loss of rods then cones
40
T/F: Progressive retinal atrophy is irreversible and there is no treatment.
true
41
How is progressive retinal atrophy prevented?
Genetic testing - avoid breeding
42
How is progressive retinal atrophy diagnosed?
History, fundic exam, genetic testing, +/- ERG
43
T/F: Cats don't get progressive retinal atrophy.
False - they do, but it is less common
44
What signs on a fundic exam are indicative of progressive retinal atrophy?
Tapetal hyperreflectivity Pale ONH Blood vessel attenuation
45
How do patients with hypertensive chorioretinopathy typically present?
They often present for acute blindness
46
What ocular signs are associated with hypertensive chorioretinopathy?
Dilated, poorly to unresponsive pupils Retinal detachment with retinal and vitreal hemorrhages
47
Do dogs or cats get hypertensive chorioretinopathy more?
Cats \>\> dogs
48
How is hypertensive chorioretinopathy treated?
Identify and treat the underling cauase Calcium channel blockers - amlodipine primary therapy +/- ACE -inhibitor
49
T/F: Hypertensive chorioretinopathy patients can regain vision.
True - if the retina can reattach as soon as possible
50
What are the most common differentials for retinal detachment?
Hypertensive chorioretinopathy (esp cats) Chorioretinitis Congenital lesions Post-intraocular surgery
51
How do you diagnose retinal detachment if you can't visualize it?
Ocular ultrasound
52
What does retinal detachment look like on ocular ultrasound?
Classic seagull wing appearance Usually remains attached at ora ciliaris and optic nerve Hyperechoic lines traced to optic nerve
53
What is the cause of taurine retinopathy?
Chronic taurine deficiency in cats
54
What is taurine retionopathy?
Feline central retinal degeneration
55
How is taurine retinopathy confirmed?
Measure plasma taurine levels
56
T/F: Correction of a cats taurine deficiency will prevent progression of taurine retinopathy and will reverse it.
False - it will prevent progression, but won't reverse it
57
In what species is enrofloxacin retinal toxicity found?
Cats
58
What dose of enrofloxacin results in retinal toxicity?
\>5 mg/kg PO SID
59
What is the first sign of enrofloxacin retinal toxicity?
Dilated pupils due to retinal degeneration
60
If you have a patient that you suspect has enrofloxacin retinal toxicity, what should you do first?
Place them in the dark - light is what is associated with the damage
61
What should be used to treat enrofloxacin retinal toxicity?
Pradofloxacin
62
What species are most susceptible to ivermectin toxicity? Why?
Dogs are more susceptible to cats because they are scavengers and eat what they find
63
What dogs are especially susceptible to ivermectin toxicity?
Neonates and those with the MDR1 mutation
64
What clinical signs are associated with ivermectin toxicity?
Acute blindness, pupil changes, neurologic signs
65
What fundic changes are associated with ivermectin toxicity?
Retinal folds and edema
66
How is ivermectin toxicity treated?
Supportive care +/- lipid emulsion
67
T/F: Blindness due to ivermectin toxicity is usually transient and will reverse once the toxin leaves the system.
True
68
What can cause chorioretinitis (non-specific)?
Infectious, neoplastic, and immune-mediated/inflammatory causes
69
How is chorioretinitiis treated?
Treat underlying cause Symptomatic treatment of the chorioretinal inflammation
70
Why don't you want to use anti-inflammatory eye drops to treat chorioretinitis?
The drops won't reach the back of the eye
71
What does active chorioretinitis look like?
Indistinct borders and hyporeflective
72
What does inactive chorioretinitis look like?
Hyperreflective, well-demarcated, pigmented centers
73
What does SARDS stand for?
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome
74
How do dogs with SARDS present?
Acute onset of blindness that lasts days to weeks +/- PU/PD, polyphagia, weight gain
75
What are the '3 F's' that are characteristic of a patient with SARDS?
Fat, five, female
76
What bloodwork changes will you find in a patient with SARDS?
Hyperadrenocorticism
77
What ocular findings are consistent with a SARDS patient?
Normal fundus initially that degenerates over time
78
How is SARDS diagnosed?
Electroretinogram - no electrical function/flatline
79
T/F: Optic neuritis is a clinical symptom rather than a single disease.
True
80
Optic neuritis is usually unilateral or bilateral?
bilateral
81
How do patients with optic neuritis present?
Pupils are fixed and dilated
82
What is seen on a fundic exam in patients with optic neuritis?
ONH is hyperemic and elevated with hemorrhages on the surface The ONH may appear normal if retrobulbar nerve is affected
83
What are the causes of optic neuritis?
Infectious diseases Inflammatory/immune-mediated - GME Neoplastic Trauma Idiopathic
84
How is optic neuritis diagnosed?
Typical clinical signs, normal ERG, and MRI
85
How is optic neuritis treated?
Treat underlying cause and systemic anti-inflammatory drugs
86
What is the prognosis for vision in optic neuritis patients?
Variable - guarded to poor
87
What are the ddx for optic nerve atrophy?
Glaucoma, PRA, orbital disease, optic neuritis, trauma (esp. horses)
88
What happens to the optic disk in patients with optic nerve atrophy?
The disc loses myelin and appears pale - may look like a cats eye
89
What clinical sign is associated with optic nerve atrophy?
blindness

Ophthalmology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions