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Ophthalmology > Unit 1 - Intro and Anatomy Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Intro and Anatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

When assessing the symmetry of the orbits, what should be examined?

A

Globe position, third eyelid position, and globe retropulsion - this should be done from far away as well as with palpation

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2
Q

When examining the orbit via an oral examination, what should you be assessing?

A

+/- pain on opening the mouth and pytergopalatine fossa caudal to the last upper molar

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3
Q

The orbital lacrimal gland produces __-__% of aqueous tears and the third eyelid gland produces ___-___%.

A

60-70% 30-40%

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4
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

Dry eye disease when there is an insufficient amount of aqueous tears

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5
Q

What species is keratoconjunctivitis sicca common in?

A

dogs

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6
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN 3?

A

Medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and superior rectus

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7
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN 4?

A

Superior oblique

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8
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN 6?

A

Lateral rectus and insertion of the retractor bulbi

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9
Q

What muscles elevate the upper lid?

A

Levator anguli oculi medialis, levator palpebrae superioris, and frontalis muscles

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10
Q

What muscle depresses the lower eyelid?

A

Malaris muscle

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11
Q

What muscle constricts the palpebral fissure?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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12
Q

A.

A

Orbicularis

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13
Q

B.

A

Levator

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14
Q

C.

A

Meibomian gland

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15
Q

A.

A

Bulbar

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16
Q

B.

A

Palpebral

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17
Q

C.

A

Nictitans

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18
Q

D.

A

Fornices

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19
Q

What are the layers of the tilaminar tear film (out to in) and what does it sit on top of?

A

Lipid, aqueous, mucin, and corneal epithelium

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20
Q

What are the tunics of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic

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21
Q

The epithelium of the cornea is ____philic.

A

lipo

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22
Q

What is the stroma of the cornea made up of?

A

collagen

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23
Q

The stroma of the cornea is _____philic.

A

hydro

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24
Q

Descemet’s membrane is _____philic.

A

lipo

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25
Q

What does the endothelium of the cornea do?

A

It removes fluid from the cornea to maintain relative dehydration/clarity

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26
Q

A.

27
Q

B.

A

Ciliary body

28
Q

C.

29
Q

What are the regions of the iris?

A

Pupillary ruff, iris collarette, sphincter and dilator muscles, and autonomic innervation

30
Q

What is pupillary ruff also known as in equids?

A

Corpora nigrans and granula iridica

31
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

To modulate light to the retina

32
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

it produces aqueous humor

33
Q

In cases of uveitis, what does the ciliary muscle do?

A

It spasms - painfully

34
Q

The _____ pathway is the most common direction that the aqueous humor flows. It flows around the _________ ____.

A

Conventional, iridocorneal angle

35
Q

What are the components of the lens?

A

Zonules, lens capsule, lens fibers, nucleus (centered), cortex (peripheral)

36
Q

What is the function of the vitreous?

A

It maintains eye shape and retinal position as well as transmits light

37
Q

What is the main component of vitreous?

A

It is 99% water

38
Q

What are the components of the fundus?

A

Retina, choroid (+/- tapetum), sclera, and the optic nerve head

39
Q

Is the tapetum on the dorsal or ventral aspect of the optic nerve head?

A

dorsal aspect

40
Q

What does the retina do?

A

It receives light and converts it into electrical impulse. The electrical impulse is sent to the optic nerve which communicates with the brain and voila we have vision

41
Q

There are ___ layers total in the retina.

42
Q

What do the rods ‘perceive’? What vision are they responsible for?

A

Dim light, peripheral vision

43
Q

What do the cones ‘perceive’? What vision are they responsible for?

A

Daylight, color, visual acuity

44
Q

What type of retina does a dog have?

A

Holangiotic

45
Q

What type of retina does a horse have?

A

Paurangiotic

46
Q

What type of retina does a rabbit have?

A

Merangiotic

47
Q

What type of retina does a pig have?

A

Holangiotic

48
Q

What type of retina does a rat have?

A

Holangiotic

49
Q

What type of retina does a bird have?

A

Anangiotic

50
Q

The choroid is typically ______, it has a lot of ______ _____, and may or may not have a ________.

A

pigmented, blood vessels, and tapetum

51
Q

What is the main nutrition source for the outer retina?

A

Choriocapillaris

52
Q

What does the tapetum do?

A

It reflects unabsorbed light rays back to photoreceptors and improves light sensitivity but decreases acuity

53
Q

Describe the visual pathway.

A
  1. The light hits the retina.
  2. Photoreceptors convert the light to electrical impulse. The electrical impulse relayed through inner retinal layers to ganglion cells.
  3. The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve.
  4. The optic nerve exits the globe at the optic disc/optic nerve head.
  5. The optic nerve reaches the optic chiasm. The impulse then goes to the optic tract.
  6. After the optic tract the impulse goes to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
  7. There are then optic radiations to the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe where visual processing occurs.
54
Q

Decussation is the action of nerve fibers crossing to form an X. What percentage of the nerve fibers from the optic nerve in a bird cross? Horse? Dog? Cats? Humans?

A

Birds - 100% Horses - 85% Dogs - 75% Cats - 65% Humans 50%

55
Q

80% of the fibers in the optic tract go where and for what?

A

They go to the lateral geniculate nucleus for vision

56
Q

Explain the PLR pathway.

A
  1. Of the 20% of the fibers that didn’t go to the geniculate nucleus, 20% of them go to the pretectal nuclei.
  2. The remaining 80% dessucate and go to the parasympathetic nuclei of the oculomotor nerve.
  3. The parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve synapse in the ciliary ganglion.
  4. The short posterior ciliary nerves terminate at the iris sphincter.
57
Q

PLR does not mean an animal is visual. Why?

A

The fibers for the PLR branch off of the optic tract before the lateral geniculate nucleus. Animals that are blind from cortical disease can have normal PLRs

58
Q

What cranial nerves govern the palpebral reflex?

A

CN 5 (feel) and CN 7 (motor)

59
Q

What cranial nerves govern the menace response?

A

CN 2 and CN 7

60
Q

What cranial nerves govern the pupillary light reflex?

A

CN 2 and CN 3

61
Q

The direct PLR is in which eye? indirect?

A

Direct = illuminated eye Indirect = contralateral (not illuminated) eye

62
Q

What cranial nerves govern the dazzle reflex?

A

CN 2 and CN 7

63
Q

What cranial nerves govern the oculocephalic reflex?

A

CN 3, 4, 6, and 8

Ophthalmology (13 decks)

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