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honors bio > unit 2 test- mitosis > Flashcards

unit 2 test- mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells have to divide?

A

1) Has more trouble moving necessary items across the cell membrane
2) Cell gets too big, places too much on the DNA (DNA overload)

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2
Q

What is DNA overload?

A

When a cell becomes too large and places many demands on the cell’s DNA

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3
Q

In a living cell, what part of the cell represents surface area and which part of the cell represents volume?

A

Surface area: total area of the cell membrane
Volume: cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell division occurs in two main stages. What are they?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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5
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of events that takes place in a cell as the cell grows and divides

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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M

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7
Q

What is G1 phase?

A

cell growth, synthesizes new proteins and organelles

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8
Q

What is S phase?

A

DNA replication, DNA is synthesized as chromosomes are replicated

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9
Q

What is G2 phase?

A

prepping for cell division, shortest phase

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10
Q

What is M phase?

A

mitosis, splitting a cell into two daughter cells

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11
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

The phase when a cell is not in the replicative cell cycle

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12
Q

What are 3 cells that can go into G0 phase indefinitely?

A

Heart cells, nerve cells, red blood cells

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13
Q

Cells spend most of their lifetime in what stage?

A

Interphase

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14
Q

What phases of the cell cycle does interphase include?

A

G1, S, and G2

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis in order?

A

PMAT, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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16
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible as tightly coiled threadlike structures

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17
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Nucleus dissolves, chromosomes condense and move towards the center of the cell

18
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

19
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin and mitosis is complete

20
Q

How are chromatin and chromosomes different in structure?

A

Chromatin: spread out and messy
Chromosomes: bundled in an X shape

21
Q

How are chromatin and chromosomes different in appearance?

A

Chromatin: Long, thin, loosely coiled
Chromosomes: supercoiled, compact

22
Q

How are chromatin and chromosomes different in organisation?

A

Chromatin: not organised, spread throughout nucleus, easier for replication and transcription
Chromosomes: organised, necessary for replication

23
Q

How are chromatin and chromosomes different in presence in a cell?

A

Chromatin: found throughout interphase
Chromosomes: seen only during cell division

24
Q

How are chromatin and chromosomes different in visualisation on a microscope?

A

Chromatin: beads on a string when stained and under a powerful electron microscope
Chromosomes: can be seen with a powerful light microscope

25
Q

What does an unduplicated chromosome look like?

A

< or >

26
Q

What is the name of the proteins that regulate the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

27
Q

Define cancer?

A

Disease of the cell cycle, cells divide uncontrollably and do not die, they are immortal

28
Q

What are tumors?

A

Tumors are clumps of cancer cells

29
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Genetics, exposure to chemical or other genetic factors, viruses and/or lifestyle (not exercising, sleeping badly, eating badly, etc)

30
Q

What are the 3 most common ways to treat cancer?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

31
Q

Where is the centromere in a chromosome?

A

In the middle of the X shape

32
Q

Where are the sister chromatids?

A

> < those guys are the sister chromatids before they connect and make a chromosome

33
Q

Where are the telomeres?

A

At the ends of each leg (feet of the chromosome)

34
Q

How is 6 feet of DNA into the nucleus of a cell?

A

DNA wraps around proteins called histones. DNA in groups of 8 histones are called nucleosomes and the DNA further wraps around them. This is called chromatin, chromatin is loosely coiled. When a cell is starting mitosis, chromatin becomes chromosomes which are supercoiled.

35
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

A

46

36
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell (egg/sperm)?

A

23

37
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

New blood growth

38
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A tumor that stays in one spot

39
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

It has metastasised (left tumor site and spread)

40
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, normal cells will die, cancer cells will not die.

41
Q

What is DNA in a group of 8 histones called?

A

Nucleosomes

honors bio (2 decks)

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