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honors bio > unit 1 test- dna, rna > Flashcards

unit 1 test- dna, rna Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

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5
Q

What are purines? How many rings do they have?

A

Adenine and guanine, 2 rings

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6
Q

What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?

A

Thymine and cytosine, 1 ring

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7
Q

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by 4 scientists - what are their names and what was the year?

A

Crick, Watson, Franklin, and Wilkins, 1953

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8
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

The ratios of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine are equal

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9
Q

What is the “backbone” of DNA made up of?

A

Deoxyribose and phosphate groups

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10
Q

What holds the DNA molecule together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

The nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?

A

Deoxyribose (sugar)

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12
Q

What is a complementary strand?

A

The RNA strand that has the opposite (complementary) codons to the DNA strand.

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13
Q

What enzyme “unzips” the 2 strands of DNA in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

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14
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Forms new copies of DNA

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15
Q

If one strand of DNA is ATT CCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?

A

TAA GGC

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16
Q

What is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA carries protein info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes

18
Q

What is rRNA?

A

ribosomal rna, combine with proteins and enzymes in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes

19
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

20
Q

What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA has a double helix, has thymine, has deoxyribose, and replicates and stores information. RNA has a single helix, has uracil, has ribose, and converts genetic information to a format used to build proteins.

21
Q

What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

DNA into RNA, occurs in the nucleus

22
Q

Briefly describe the steps of transcription.

A
  1. RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter site
  2. DNA strand separates
  3. Adds RNA nucleotides to the DNA template
  4. RNA polymerase travels along the template strand
23
Q

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

24
Q

How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

through nuclear pores

25
Q

If an RNA molecule contains the sequence AAC GCU, what is the sequence of the DNA molecules from which it was made?

A

TTG CGA

26
Q

What are introns

A

a segment of DNA or RNA that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes

27
Q

what are exons

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence

28
Q

A series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called what?

A

codon

29
Q

What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG methionine

30
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAG UAA UGA

31
Q

What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

Protein synthesis, takes place in the cytoplasm

32
Q

What does the word “mutation” mean?

A

Change of the structure of DNA

33
Q

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called ____

A

Gene mutations/point mutations

34
Q

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _____

A

Chromosomal mutations

35
Q

In what way(s), if any, do most mutations change organisms?

A

By changing its physical characteristics

36
Q

What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?

A

Base substitutions, deletions, and insertions

37
Q

Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?

A

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

38
Q

What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations?

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

39
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

loss of one or more nucleotides

40
Q

what is a duplication mutation?

A

one or more copies of a DNA segment is produced

41
Q

what is an inversion mutation?

A

segment of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches in the reverse direction

42
Q

what is a translocation mutation?

A

unusual rearrangement of chromosomes

honors bio (2 decks)

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