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Biology 3201 > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to a body cell; anything not a sex cell

A

somatic cell

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2
Q

a continuous sequence of cell growth and division

A

cell cycle

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3
Q

growth phase

A

interphase

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4
Q

includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

division stage

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5
Q

separation of the cytoplasm and the formation of two new daughter cells; occurs after the telophase of mitosis

A

cytokinesis

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6
Q

division of the cell’s nucleus where the daughter cells receive the exact number of chromosomes and genetic makeup as the parent cell

A

mitosis

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7
Q

the original cell that divides during mitosis to form two new daughter cells

A

parent cell

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8
Q

the cells produced during mitosis of a parent cell

A

daughter cell

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9
Q

the long strands that form chromosomes and contain DNA, RNA, and various proteins, found in the nucleus of a cell

A

chromatin

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10
Q

condensed chromatin structure formed when cells replicate

A

chromosome

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11
Q

one half of a chromosome, two sister _________ are joined by a centromere to form a chromosome

A

chromatid

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12
Q

is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come closest in contact

A

centromere

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13
Q

a ___________ is a barrel-shaped cell structure involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis

A

centriole

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14
Q

sex cells in males and females

A

gametes

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15
Q

first part of mitosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid

A

reduction division

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16
Q

not directly involved in sex determination

A

autosomes

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17
Q

some chromosomes will have genes from paternal origin and some from materials

A

result

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18
Q

make an exact copy of an organism, either an entire organism (reproductive) or parts (therapeutic)

A

cloning

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19
Q

blank slates of the human body, they are undifferentiated (non-specialized) cells that can give rise to any other type of cell

A

stem cells

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20
Q

culturing of human cells for use in treatment of medical disorders

A

therapeutic cloning

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21
Q

transplanting stem cells to replace damaged cells

A

cell transplant

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22
Q

small round structures containing the diploid (2n) chromosome number of a parent cell

A

spores

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23
Q

a flower possessing both male and female reproductive structures, this type of flower is capable of undergoing self-pollination

A

perfect flower

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24
Q

a flower possessing either male or female reproductive structures only

A

imperfect flower

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25
Q

the male reproductive structure of a flower, made up of the anther and filament

A

stamen

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26
Q

small round structure located within the anther of a flower that contains the male sex cells

A

pollen

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27
Q

the outer wall of the microspore hardens

A

pollen grain

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28
Q

area inside an ovary where an egg and two polar nuclei are found, the __________ is the site of fertilization within a flower

A

ovule

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29
Q

nucleus within a pollen grain that forms the pollen tube in a flower

A

tube nucleus

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30
Q

nucleus within a pollen grain that produces two sperm nuclei or sperm

A

generative nucleus

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31
Q

hollow tube leading from the stigma to an ovule within the ovary of a flower

A

pollen tube

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32
Q

a fertilized egg, a diploid 2n structure

A

zygote

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33
Q

structure formed from the ovule of a flower, it contains the zygote (developing plant) and endosperm

A

seed

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34
Q

triploid (3n) structure formed when a sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei within an ovule, this is a food source within a seed for a developing plant embryo

A

endosperm

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35
Q

a swollen ovary of a plant, it surrounds and helps to protect developing seeds

A

fruit

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36
Q

what are the two main stages of mitosis?

A

interphase and division stage

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37
Q

the stage which includes g1, s phase, and g2

A

interphase

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38
Q

the cell carries out metabolic activities and prepares for cell division

A

gap 1

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39
Q

phase in which the DNA is replicated

A

s phase

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40
Q

centrioles replicate and cell prepares for division

A

gap 2

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41
Q

stage which includes the shortest events in the cell cycle; PMAT and cytokinesis

A

division stage

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42
Q

the cell you start with

A

parent cell

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43
Q

produced during mitosis of a parent cell

A

daughter cell

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44
Q

how many cells do mitosis produce?

A

two

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45
Q

why is mitosis important?

A
  • new cells are needed for growth and repair
  • cells can regenerate cuts
  • cells that do not function must be replaced
  • cells die (blood cells)
  • chromosome number must be maintained
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46
Q

a parent cell replicates to produce a daughter cell with the same number of chromosomes

A

when human somatic cells undergo mitosis

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47
Q

centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell

A

prophase

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48
Q

nuclear membrane disappears

A

prophase

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49
Q

spindle fibres form between the two centrioles

A

final step of prophase

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50
Q

spindle fibres from one pole attach to one chromatid and so on

A

metaphase

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51
Q

centromere splits apart and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres

A

anaphase

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52
Q

spindle fibres are no longer needed so they now break down and disappear

A

telophase

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53
Q

chromatids have reached two opposite poles

A

telophase

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54
Q

nucleolus reappears

A

telophase

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55
Q

nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes

A

telophase

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56
Q

cytoplasm divides between the two halves of the cell

A

cytokinesis

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57
Q

in animal cells an indentation of the membrane between two daughter cells forms and deepens

A

cytokinesis

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58
Q

in plant cells a new cell wall and membrane form and separate the newly formed nuclei

A

cytokinesis

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59
Q

_______________ that occur in parent cells are passed down to daughter cells

A

mutations

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60
Q

___________ cells divide more rapidly than any other type of body cells

A

cancer

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61
Q

works by damaging the chromosomes in a cell so it is unable to divide

A

radiation therapy

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62
Q

some drugs attack dividing cells as they divide or prevent cells from dividing

A

chemotherapy

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63
Q

affects the entire body

A

chemotherapy

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64
Q

healthy cells are also affected in this treatment

A

chemotherapy

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65
Q

side effects of radiation

A

skin inflammation & fatigue

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66
Q

side effects of chemotherapy

A

hair loss, nausea, diarrhea

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67
Q

_________ can be permanent

A

sterility

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68
Q

what is the goal of cancer research?

A

to find a treatment that affects cancerous cells and leaves the healthy cells unharmed

69
Q

a ___________ contains chromosomes from both parents but does not contain double the number of chromosomes found in each body cell

A

zygote

70
Q

____________ contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex cell

A

gamete

71
Q

there is an extra stage of phases in

A

meiosis

72
Q

each pair of homologous chromosomes become aligned

A

prophase I

73
Q

mothers chromosome

A

material origin

74
Q

fathers chromosome

A

paternal

75
Q

have the same characteristics but are not identical and can have different forms of genes called alleles

A

homologous chromosomes

76
Q

crossing over occcurs in ________

A

prophase I

77
Q

spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome

A

metaphase I

78
Q

chromosomes line up in a homologous pair so that one of each homologous pair is on a different side of the equator

A

metaphase I

79
Q

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres

A

anaphase I

80
Q

telophase I does not occur in all cells, if it does not occur then the cell begins the ____________ process

A

meiosis II

81
Q

cytoplasm is divided

A

telophase I

82
Q

nuclear membrane forms around new homologous chromosomes

A

telophase I

83
Q

when the phases are identical to mitosis

A

meiosis II

84
Q

each cell beginning is haploid

A

meiosis II

85
Q

in __________ the daughter cells develop into gametes and in ________ they turn into spores or gametes

A

animals & plants in meiosis II

86
Q

final product of spermatogenesis

A

four haploid sperm cells

87
Q

process begins with a diploid cell called oogonium which enlarges and undergoes meiosis I and II

A

oogenesis

88
Q

egg cells produce

A

x chromosomes

89
Q

sperm cells produce

A

x or y chromosomes

90
Q

have a cap called an acrosome which contains enzymes used to enter the egg cell

A

sperm

91
Q

covered by a thick outer coating

A

egg

92
Q

sperm uses what before and after ejaculation?

A

before: uses fat for energy
after: uses sugar for energy

93
Q

how does cloning work?

A
  • nucleus of an egg cell is removed
  • diploid nucleus of the organism is placed into the empty egg cell
  • egg cell is implanted into the mothers uterus
94
Q

mainly found in the bone marrow

A

stem cells

95
Q

sources of stem cells?

A

aborted fetuses, un-used embryos from in-vitro fertilization treatments, and cord blood

96
Q

risks of embryological stem cells?

A
  • body may reject
  • could contain viruses or diseases
  • may lead to tumours
97
Q

risks of adult stem cells?

A
  • more research is necessary
  • difficult to find in mature tissues
  • techniques not developed
98
Q
  • ability to divide and renew themselves for a long period of time
  • unspecialized
  • ability to differentiate into specialized cells
A

embryonic stem cells

99
Q

involves two sets of DNA and chromosomes and are created by the sperm and egg

A

sexual reproduction

100
Q

involves 1 set of DNA and chromosomes and is created through mitotic devices

A

asexual reproduction

101
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A
  • budding
  • binary fission
  • spore production
  • fragmentation
  • parthenogenesis
102
Q

where an outgrowth occurs on an organism that later breaks off and grows into an entire organism ex: yeast & hydra

A

budding

103
Q

where mitosis divides the DNA in an organism, the organism splits to create two new organisms
ex: bacteria

A

binary fission

104
Q

where mitotic cell divisions create a series of spores that grow into new organisms, which are released from spore sacs ex: fungi (bread mold)

A

spore production

105
Q

where a portion of an organism breaks off, the broken piece is then able to grow into a full organism ex: starfish

A

fragmentation

106
Q

where an organism produces haploid unfertilized eggs that grow into adults ex: insects

A

parthenogenesis

107
Q

flowers that reproduce

A

angiosperms (covered seed plants)

108
Q

_________ have no dependence on water for reproduction

A

angiosperms

109
Q

the female reproductive structure of a flower

A

pistil

110
Q

three parts of the pistil

A

stigma, style, & ovary

111
Q

sticky portion on top of the style in a flower, used to trap pollen from the air for reproduction

A

stigma

112
Q

long slender tube leading from the stigma to the ovary in a flower, used to provide a passage way for pollen leading to the ovary

A

style

113
Q

reproductive structure of a flower that contains eggs which are created by meiosis, used to provide the site of fertilization within a flower

A

ovary

114
Q

the male reproductive structure of a flower

A

stamen

115
Q

two parts of the stamen

A

anther and filament

116
Q

reproductive structure of a flower that contains pollen which is created by meiosis, used to create pollen for fertilization

A

anther

117
Q

long slender stalk that holds up the anther

A

filament

118
Q

egg formation within a flower

A

diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create 4 haploid cells three of them die, then that haploid cell undergoes mitosis three times creating 8 haploid cells

119
Q

pollen formation within a flower

A

diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create four haploid cells which then go through mitosis to create two haploid nuclei each known as the generative and tube nucleus

120
Q

one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fuses the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell which develops into endosperm

A

double fertilization

121
Q

each pair of homologous chromosomes become aligned

A

prophase I

122
Q

mothers chromosome

A

material origin

123
Q

fathers chromosome

A

paternal

124
Q

have the same characteristics but are not identical and can have different forms of genes called alleles

A

homologous chromosomes

125
Q

crossing over occcurs in ________

A

prophase I

126
Q

spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome

A

metaphase I

127
Q

chromosomes line up in a homologous pair so that one of each homologous pair is on a different side of the equator

A

metaphase I

128
Q

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres

A

anaphase I

129
Q

telophase I does not occur in all cells, if it does not occur then the cell begins the ____________ process

A

meiosis II

130
Q

cytoplasm is divided

A

telophase I

131
Q

nuclear membrane forms around new homologous chromosomes

A

telophase I

132
Q

when the phases are identical to mitosis

A

meiosis II

133
Q

each cell beginning is haploid

A

meiosis II

134
Q

in __________ the daughter cells develop into gametes and in ________ they turn into spores or gametes

A

animals & plants in meiosis II

135
Q

final product of spermatogenesis

A

four haploid sperm cells

136
Q

process begins with a diploid cell called oogonium which enlarges and undergoes meiosis I and II

A

oogenesis

137
Q

egg cells produce

A

x chromosomes

138
Q

sperm cells produce

A

x or y chromosomes

139
Q

have a cap called an acrosome which contains enzymes used to enter the egg cell

A

sperm

140
Q

covered by a thick outer coating

A

egg

141
Q

sperm uses what before and after ejaculation?

A

before: uses fat for energy
after: uses sugar for energy

142
Q

how does cloning work?

A
  • nucleus of an egg cell is removed
  • diploid nucleus of the organism is placed into the empty egg cell
  • egg cell is implanted into the mothers uterus
143
Q

mainly found in the bone marrow

A

stem cells

144
Q

sources of stem cells?

A

aborted fetuses, un-used embryos from in-vitro fertilization treatments, and cord blood

145
Q

risks of embryological stem cells?

A
  • body may reject
  • could contain viruses or diseases
  • may lead to tumours
146
Q

risks of adult stem cells?

A
  • more research is necessary
  • difficult to find in mature tissues
  • techniques not developed
147
Q
  • ability to divide and renew themselves for a long period of time
  • unspecialized
  • ability to differentiate into specialized cells
A

embryonic stem cells

148
Q

involves two sets of DNA and chromosomes and are created by the sperm and egg

A

sexual reproduction

149
Q

involves 1 set of DNA and chromosomes and is created through mitotic devices

A

asexual reproduction

150
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A
  • budding
  • binary fission
  • spore production
  • fragmentation
  • parthenogenesis
151
Q

where an outgrowth occurs on an organism that later breaks off and grows into an entire organism ex: yeast & hydra

A

budding

152
Q

where mitosis divides the DNA in an organism, the organism splits to create two new organisms
ex: bacteria

A

binary fission

153
Q

where mitotic cell divisions create a series of spores that grow into new organisms, which are released from spore sacs ex: fungi (bread mold)

A

spore production

154
Q

where a portion of an organism breaks off, the broken piece is then able to grow into a full organism ex: starfish

A

fragmentation

155
Q

where an organism produces haploid unfertilized eggs that grow into adults ex: insects

A

parthenogenesis

156
Q

flowers that reproduce

A

angiosperms (covered seed plants)

157
Q

_________ have no dependence on water for reproduction

A

angiosperms

158
Q

the female reproductive structure of a flower

A

pistil

159
Q

three parts of the pistil

A

stigma, style, & ovary

160
Q

sticky portion on top of the style in a flower, used to trap pollen from the air for reproduction

A

stigma

161
Q

long slender tube leading from the stigma to the ovary in a flower, used to provide a passage way for pollen leading to the ovary

A

style

162
Q

reproductive structure of a flower that contains eggs which are created by meiosis, used to provide the site of fertilization within a flower

A

ovary

163
Q

the male reproductive structure of a flower

A

stamen

164
Q

two parts of the stamen

A

anther and filament

165
Q

reproductive structure of a flower that contains pollen which is created by meiosis, used to create pollen for fertilization

A

anther

166
Q

long slender stalk that holds up the anther

A

filament

167
Q

egg formation within a flower

A

diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create 4 haploid cells three of them die, then that haploid cell undergoes mitosis three times creating 8 haploid cells

168
Q

pollen formation within a flower

A

diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create four haploid cells which then go through mitosis to create two haploid nuclei each known as the generative and tube nucleus

169
Q

one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fuses the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell which develops into endosperm

A

double fertilization

Biology 3201 (3 decks)

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