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Biology 3201 > Unit 1B Test > Flashcards

Unit 1B Test Flashcards

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1
Q

system where hormones are dumped into the blood to help to maintain homeostasis

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

a gland that has a duct

A

Exocrine Gland

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3
Q

a “ductless” gland that dumps hormones directly into the blood

A

Endocrine Gland

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4
Q

chemical that is released into the blood to cause cells to carry out an action

A

Hormone

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5
Q

hormone that is made up of fats such as chlolesterol

A

steroid hormone

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6
Q

hormone made from a protein

A

non-steroid hormone

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7
Q

“the master gland”, found at the base of the brain has two parts (posterior and anterior)

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

stores hormones created in the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary

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9
Q

stores hormones created there

A

posterior pituitary

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10
Q

found in the brain, controls the autonomic nervous system and the internal organs it also monitors the blood for hormone levels and causes the pituitary to react

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

found in the anterior pituitary causes the testicles to create sperm and the immature follicles to mature in females

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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12
Q

found in the anterior pituitary causes the testicles to release testosterone and ovulation in females

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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13
Q

found in the anterior pituitary causes the growth of cells

A

growth hormone (HGH)

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14
Q

stimulates milk production in the female

A

prolactin

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15
Q

causes thyroid to release thyroxin

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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16
Q

causes the adrenal gland to release hormones

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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17
Q

found in the posterior pituitary causes the uterus to contract and helps with the release of milk in females

A

oxytocin

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18
Q

found in the posterior pituitary causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the collecting tubules

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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19
Q

found in thyroid, increases the body’s metabolism and needs iodine to work properly

A

thyroxin

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20
Q

found in thyroid, lowers calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting calcium release from the bones

A

calcitonin

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21
Q

increase of the calcium level in the blood by causing the bones to release calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

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22
Q

hormone released by pineal gland, associated with sleeping

A

melatonin

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23
Q

found in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels

A

insulin

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24
Q

increases sugar level by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose

A

glucagon

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25
Q

“fight or flight” hormone, increases blood sugar and constricts blood vessels

A

adrenaline

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26
Q

increases heart rate and causes muscles to contract

A

noradrenaline

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27
Q

hormone that regulates water levels by controlling salt levels in the blood, helps regulate blood pressure

A

aldosterone

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28
Q

causes the initial build up of the uterus, causes secondary sex characteristics to develop in females

A

estrogen

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29
Q

released by the corpus luteum, maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy

A

progesterone

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30
Q

causes sperm to mature in males, responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males

A

testosterone

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31
Q

hormones that are produced or affect the gonads of males and females

A

gonadotropins

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32
Q

the maintaining of a constant internal enviroment by reacting to stimuli, reactions can be carried out by any system in the body

A

homeostasis

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33
Q

controls the endocrine hormone system (as well as the autonomic nervous system) and maintains the body’s internal enviroment

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

ons & ols & gens

A

STEROID

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35
Q

how do steroid hormones work?

A
  1. they enter a cell and bind to a protein receptor
  2. complex enters the nucleus where it activates a specific gene in DNA
  3. gene produces enzyme that initiates a chemical reaction within the cell
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36
Q

how do non-steroid hormones work?

A
  1. the first messenger binds to receptors on the surfaces of the target cell
  2. the binding causes ATP to be changed into CylicAMP
  3. CylicAMP causes chemical reactions to occur within the cell
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37
Q

hormones that work against each other or have opposite effects on the body

A

antagonistic hormone

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38
Q

hormones that regulate the hormone production of many other glands

A

tropic hormones

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39
Q

an under secretion of a hormone within the body

A

hyposecretion

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40
Q

an over secretion of a hormone within the body

A

hypersecretion

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41
Q

a mechanism that works to “reverse” or “decrease” changes in the body

A

negative feedback mechanism

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42
Q

a mechanism that serves to “increase” the effect of an action

A

positive feedback mechanism

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43
Q

what does HGH do?

A
  • regulates growth and development of body tissues

* increases absorption of calcium increasing growth in bones and cartilage

44
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

causes the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and aldosterone

45
Q

what does prolactin do?

A
  • stimulates milk production
  • stimulates development of mammary tissue
  • during pregnancy, surpresses the production of LH which stops ovulation
46
Q

what does TSH do?

A

stimulates the release of thyroxin

47
Q

HGH target cells?

A

bones & tissues

48
Q

ACTH target cells?

A

adrenal cortex

49
Q

prolactin target cells?

A

mammary glands

50
Q

TSH target cells?

A

thyroid gland

51
Q

what does FSH do?

A
  • causes the maturation of a follicle within an ovary

* starts the development of sperm in males

52
Q

what does LH do?

A
  • causes follicle to release egg and forms the corpus luteum

* stimulates the production of testosterone in males

53
Q

FSH target cell?

A

ovaries & testes

54
Q

LH target cell?

A

ovaries & testes

55
Q 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PROLACTIN
HGH
belongs to?
A

anterior pituitary

56
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A
  • causes muscles to contract to help expel baby

* causes mammary glands to contract and produce milk

57
Q

what does ADH do?

A
  • regulates sodium levels in blood
  • causes damaged blood vessels to constrict to reduce blood loss
  • causes kidneys to retain water
58
Q

oxytocin target cells?

A

uterine muscles and mammary glands

59
Q

ADH target cells?

A

blood, arteries, and collecting ducts of kidneys

60
Q

oxytocin

ADH

A

posterior pituitary

61
Q

ADH and oxytocin are created by _________________

A

hypothalamus

62
Q

lots of ADH=

A

keep H2O

63
Q

little ADH=

A

pee H2O

64
Q
  • caused by insufficient production of HGH during childhood
  • causes an abnormally short stature
  • can be treated by injections of HGH
A

dwarfism

65
Q
  • caused by excess production of HGH prior to puberty
  • causes abnormal growth of long bones in the skeleton
  • can be treated by microsurgery of pituitary, or radiation treatment of gland tissue
A

giganticism

66
Q
  • caused by excess HGH production during adult years
  • causes thickening of bone tissue, causes abnormal growth of head, hands, and feet as well as spinal deformities
  • can be treated by the surgical removal of the tumor which is causing too much HGH to be released, radiation of tumor, or injection of HGH blocking drug
A

acromegaly

67
Q
  • caused by insufficient production of ADH
  • causes increased thirst and dehydration, production of high amounts of dilute urine, enlarged urinary bladder
  • can be treated by injections of ADH to reverse effects
A

diabetes insipidus

68
Q

dwarfism
giganticism
acromegaly
diabetes insipidus

A

problems associated with the pituitary gland

69
Q
  • located in the throat

* butterfly-shaped and non-steroid

A

thyroid gland

70
Q

thyroxin

calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

71
Q

what does thyroxin do?

A

thyroxin increases metabolism rate and oxygen consumption

72
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

moves calcium from the blood and into the bones

73
Q

what has an antagonistic relationship with PTH?

A

calcium

74
Q

located on the surface of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

75
Q

myxedema
congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism
goiter

A

hyposecretion of thyroxin

76
Q
  • adults become obese, lose appetite, and are often tired because of under production of thyroxin
  • can be treated by drugs that have thyroxin in them
A

myxedema

77
Q
  • children who are often short/stalky and often cognitively delayed
  • can be treated by drugs that have thyroxin in them
A

congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism

78
Q
  • caused by lack of iodine
  • patients end up with a swollen thyroid gland (looks like a large growth on the neck)
  • can be treated by increasing iodine intake
  • governments have added iodine to salt for years to counteract this problem
A

goiter

79
Q

hypersecretion of thyroxin

A

grave’s disease

80
Q
  • condition where there is an increased metabolism in a person
  • later diagnosis increased sweating, muscle weakness, and portruding eyes
  • can be treated by surgical removal of the thyroid gland or thyroid blocking drugs
A

grave’s disease

81
Q

made up of alpha and beta cells

A

islets of langerhans

82
Q

bacon is always good

A

BETA - INSULIN

ALPHA - GLUCAGON

83
Q

located near the small entestine

A

pancreas

84
Q

insulin

glucagon

A

pancreas

85
Q

what does insulin do?

A
  • causes the conversion of glucose into glycogen
  • causes excess glucose to be changed into fats
  • helps regulate blood sugar levels
86
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

•causes the conversion of glycogen into glucose that is released into the blood as needed

87
Q

type 1 diabetes

type 2 diabetes

A

disorders of the pancreas

88
Q
  • occurs in individuals under 20 years old
  • caused by the beta cells of islets of langerhans being unable to produce enough insulin
  • results in abnormally high levels of glucose in blood
  • causes fatigue, thirst, weight loss, frequent urination, and/or blindness
  • can be treated by insulin injections
A

diabetes mellitus

89
Q
  • occurs in people over 40 years old
  • caused by dieting habits
  • in this case, insulin in produced by pancreas but cells do not recognize it
  • can be treated by strict control of carbohydrate intake to reduce amount of sugar in the blood
A

type 2 diabetes

90
Q

who discovered insulin?

A

fredrick banting and charles best

91
Q

produces melatonin

A

pineal gland

92
Q

what does melatonin do?

A

•causes a feeling of “sleepiness” and aids with sleep

93
Q

produces thymosin

A

thymus gland

94
Q

what does thymosin do?

A

matures white blood cells into T-cells

95
Q

consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

A

adrenal glands

96
Q

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens
estrogens

A

adrenal cortex

97
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

regulates blood pressure and salt levels in the blood

98
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

reduces inflammation and causes glucose to be made by the liver

99
Q

adrenaline
noradrenaline
fight or flight

A

adrenal medulla

100
Q

hormones released during times of stress

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

101
Q

what does the “fight or flight” hormone do?

A

increases heart rate, respiration rate, and release of glucose by the liver

102
Q

cushings syndrome

addison’s disease

A

disorders related to the adrenal glands

103
Q
  • caused by excessive ACTH which raises the level of aldosterone/cortisol
  • causes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, muscle weakness, and edema (fluid accumulation
  • can be treated by drugs to block the production of the hormones causing the problems
  • the cause may also be a tumour requiring surgery
A

Cushing’s syndrome

104
Q
  • autoimmune disease where the adrenal cortex is destroyed
  • deficiency in cortisol/aldosterone
  • causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and weight loss
A

addison’s disease

105
Q

estrogen

progesterone

A

ovaries

Biology 3201 (3 decks)

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