Unit 1B Test Flashcards
system where hormones are dumped into the blood to help to maintain homeostasis
Endocrine System
a gland that has a duct
Exocrine Gland
a “ductless” gland that dumps hormones directly into the blood
Endocrine Gland
chemical that is released into the blood to cause cells to carry out an action
Hormone
hormone that is made up of fats such as chlolesterol
steroid hormone
hormone made from a protein
non-steroid hormone
“the master gland”, found at the base of the brain has two parts (posterior and anterior)
pituitary gland
stores hormones created in the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
stores hormones created there
posterior pituitary
found in the brain, controls the autonomic nervous system and the internal organs it also monitors the blood for hormone levels and causes the pituitary to react
hypothalamus
found in the anterior pituitary causes the testicles to create sperm and the immature follicles to mature in females
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
found in the anterior pituitary causes the testicles to release testosterone and ovulation in females
luteinizing hormone (LH)
found in the anterior pituitary causes the growth of cells
growth hormone (HGH)
stimulates milk production in the female
prolactin
causes thyroid to release thyroxin
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
causes the adrenal gland to release hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
found in the posterior pituitary causes the uterus to contract and helps with the release of milk in females
oxytocin
found in the posterior pituitary causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the collecting tubules
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
found in thyroid, increases the body’s metabolism and needs iodine to work properly
thyroxin
found in thyroid, lowers calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting calcium release from the bones
calcitonin
increase of the calcium level in the blood by causing the bones to release calcium
parathyroid hormone
hormone released by pineal gland, associated with sleeping
melatonin
found in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels
insulin
increases sugar level by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
glucagon
“fight or flight” hormone, increases blood sugar and constricts blood vessels
adrenaline
increases heart rate and causes muscles to contract
noradrenaline
hormone that regulates water levels by controlling salt levels in the blood, helps regulate blood pressure
aldosterone
causes the initial build up of the uterus, causes secondary sex characteristics to develop in females
estrogen
released by the corpus luteum, maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy
progesterone
causes sperm to mature in males, responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males
testosterone
hormones that are produced or affect the gonads of males and females
gonadotropins
the maintaining of a constant internal enviroment by reacting to stimuli, reactions can be carried out by any system in the body
homeostasis
controls the endocrine hormone system (as well as the autonomic nervous system) and maintains the body’s internal enviroment
hypothalamus
ons & ols & gens
STEROID
how do steroid hormones work?
- they enter a cell and bind to a protein receptor
- complex enters the nucleus where it activates a specific gene in DNA
- gene produces enzyme that initiates a chemical reaction within the cell
how do non-steroid hormones work?
- the first messenger binds to receptors on the surfaces of the target cell
- the binding causes ATP to be changed into CylicAMP
- CylicAMP causes chemical reactions to occur within the cell
hormones that work against each other or have opposite effects on the body
antagonistic hormone
hormones that regulate the hormone production of many other glands
tropic hormones
an under secretion of a hormone within the body
hyposecretion
an over secretion of a hormone within the body
hypersecretion
a mechanism that works to “reverse” or “decrease” changes in the body
negative feedback mechanism
a mechanism that serves to “increase” the effect of an action
positive feedback mechanism
what does HGH do?
- regulates growth and development of body tissues
* increases absorption of calcium increasing growth in bones and cartilage
what does ACTH do?
causes the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and aldosterone
what does prolactin do?
- stimulates milk production
- stimulates development of mammary tissue
- during pregnancy, surpresses the production of LH which stops ovulation
what does TSH do?
stimulates the release of thyroxin
HGH target cells?
bones & tissues
ACTH target cells?
adrenal cortex
prolactin target cells?
mammary glands
TSH target cells?
thyroid gland
what does FSH do?
- causes the maturation of a follicle within an ovary
* starts the development of sperm in males
what does LH do?
- causes follicle to release egg and forms the corpus luteum
* stimulates the production of testosterone in males
FSH target cell?
ovaries & testes
LH target cell?
ovaries & testes
FSH LH ACTH TSH PROLACTIN HGH belongs to?
anterior pituitary
what does oxytocin do?
- causes muscles to contract to help expel baby
* causes mammary glands to contract and produce milk
what does ADH do?
- regulates sodium levels in blood
- causes damaged blood vessels to constrict to reduce blood loss
- causes kidneys to retain water
oxytocin target cells?
uterine muscles and mammary glands
ADH target cells?
blood, arteries, and collecting ducts of kidneys
oxytocin
ADH
posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin are created by _________________
hypothalamus
lots of ADH=
keep H2O
little ADH=
pee H2O
- caused by insufficient production of HGH during childhood
- causes an abnormally short stature
- can be treated by injections of HGH
dwarfism
- caused by excess production of HGH prior to puberty
- causes abnormal growth of long bones in the skeleton
- can be treated by microsurgery of pituitary, or radiation treatment of gland tissue
giganticism
- caused by excess HGH production during adult years
- causes thickening of bone tissue, causes abnormal growth of head, hands, and feet as well as spinal deformities
- can be treated by the surgical removal of the tumor which is causing too much HGH to be released, radiation of tumor, or injection of HGH blocking drug
acromegaly
- caused by insufficient production of ADH
- causes increased thirst and dehydration, production of high amounts of dilute urine, enlarged urinary bladder
- can be treated by injections of ADH to reverse effects
diabetes insipidus
dwarfism
giganticism
acromegaly
diabetes insipidus
problems associated with the pituitary gland
- located in the throat
* butterfly-shaped and non-steroid
thyroid gland
thyroxin
calcitonin
thyroid gland
what does thyroxin do?
thyroxin increases metabolism rate and oxygen consumption
what does calcitonin do?
moves calcium from the blood and into the bones
what has an antagonistic relationship with PTH?
calcium
located on the surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
myxedema
congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism
goiter
hyposecretion of thyroxin
- adults become obese, lose appetite, and are often tired because of under production of thyroxin
- can be treated by drugs that have thyroxin in them
myxedema
- children who are often short/stalky and often cognitively delayed
- can be treated by drugs that have thyroxin in them
congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism
- caused by lack of iodine
- patients end up with a swollen thyroid gland (looks like a large growth on the neck)
- can be treated by increasing iodine intake
- governments have added iodine to salt for years to counteract this problem
goiter
hypersecretion of thyroxin
grave’s disease
- condition where there is an increased metabolism in a person
- later diagnosis increased sweating, muscle weakness, and portruding eyes
- can be treated by surgical removal of the thyroid gland or thyroid blocking drugs
grave’s disease
made up of alpha and beta cells
islets of langerhans
bacon is always good
BETA - INSULIN
ALPHA - GLUCAGON
located near the small entestine
pancreas
insulin
glucagon
pancreas
what does insulin do?
- causes the conversion of glucose into glycogen
- causes excess glucose to be changed into fats
- helps regulate blood sugar levels
what does glucagon do?
•causes the conversion of glycogen into glucose that is released into the blood as needed
type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes
disorders of the pancreas
- occurs in individuals under 20 years old
- caused by the beta cells of islets of langerhans being unable to produce enough insulin
- results in abnormally high levels of glucose in blood
- causes fatigue, thirst, weight loss, frequent urination, and/or blindness
- can be treated by insulin injections
diabetes mellitus
- occurs in people over 40 years old
- caused by dieting habits
- in this case, insulin in produced by pancreas but cells do not recognize it
- can be treated by strict control of carbohydrate intake to reduce amount of sugar in the blood
type 2 diabetes
who discovered insulin?
fredrick banting and charles best
produces melatonin
pineal gland
what does melatonin do?
•causes a feeling of “sleepiness” and aids with sleep
produces thymosin
thymus gland
what does thymosin do?
matures white blood cells into T-cells
consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
adrenal glands
aldosterone
cortisol
androgens
estrogens
adrenal cortex
what does aldosterone do?
regulates blood pressure and salt levels in the blood
what does cortisol do?
reduces inflammation and causes glucose to be made by the liver
adrenaline
noradrenaline
fight or flight
adrenal medulla
hormones released during times of stress
adrenaline and noradrenaline
what does the “fight or flight” hormone do?
increases heart rate, respiration rate, and release of glucose by the liver
cushings syndrome
addison’s disease
disorders related to the adrenal glands
- caused by excessive ACTH which raises the level of aldosterone/cortisol
- causes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, muscle weakness, and edema (fluid accumulation
- can be treated by drugs to block the production of the hormones causing the problems
- the cause may also be a tumour requiring surgery
Cushing’s syndrome
- autoimmune disease where the adrenal cortex is destroyed
- deficiency in cortisol/aldosterone
- causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and weight loss
addison’s disease
estrogen
progesterone
ovaries