Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Holophrastic Stage
The infant can say single, simple words to identify their basic needs.
Babbling Stage
When babies make sounds but not words
Who created the nature argument and what did it include?
Noam Chomsky; Universal Grammar(all languages have nouns, verbs, and adjectives). Also, he advanced the concept of critical periods of language development.
Nurture argument creator and what did it include?
BF Skinner; Associative learning(sights of things with sounds of words), imitation(imitating words or syntax of others(dialect) , and reinforcement(praising a child for saying a new word) .
Visual Preference
Infants gaze longer at things they want or things they are interested in. They tend to prefer images close to the human face and physically attractive things.
Compare the neurons / neural networks of rats raised in an impoverished environment to one raised in an enriched environment. How might these differences play out in terms of behavior and abilities (social, intelligence, hunting, etc.)?
The neurons in an enriched environment are more developed, they have an increased brain weight and leads to a more intelligent rat and impoverished rats are the exact opposite. As a result, impoverished rats are more sensitive to stress, trouble with relationships and abnormal emotional development.
In the nature vs nurture debate, if you are looking at two identical twins split at birth what does nurture influence?
Attitudes, values, faith, manners, politics
Imaginary Audience
Adolescents often anticipate the reactions of other people to them in actual or impending social situations. This kind of anticipation could be explained by the adolescent’s preoccupation that others are as admiring or as critical of them as they are of themself.
Gross Motor Movement
- Give 2 examples
Larger muscle groups in the arms, legs, and torso are being used
- A baby pulling its body up to stand
- A baby being able to roll over
Telegraphic Stage
The child can speak longer phrases, however, the grammar will probably be incorrect
Fine Motor Movement
- Give 2 examples
Use of the fingers and hands(dexterity)
- A baby holding its own bottle
- A baby grasping a spoon to feed itself
Linguistic Determinism
When your spoken language influences your thinking and views of the world and your place in it.
For example, English has more self-focused emotions and perspectives which is reflective in our language(I, me, mine)
Fetus
- Timeframe
- What can the fetus do?
9 weeks after conception to birth
- Can hear and process sounds around 6 months and prefer mother’s voice and tone to all others
Genetic predisposition to a mental illness or disease
This means that you have a heightened probability of having that mental illness or disease
Continuous Development/ Continuity
- Example
Sees our mental, physical, and social abilities as a cumulative process over time. These changes are slower, steady and gradual.
Ex: Traits like height, personality traits like introversion
Natural Selection
Traits leading to increased reproduction, territorial gains, social dominance, food access and survival in general will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Syntax
Focuses on word order for grammatical elements like subjects, verbs, direct and indirect objects, etc.
Semantics
The meaning of words and word combinations. Think of understand slang and common sayings
Using the example of learning Spanish vs. learning Chinese for a native English speaker, differentiate between accommodation and assimilation as applied to schemas.
Learning Spanish uses assimilation because we can use existing schemas to interpret this new information. Learning Chinese uses accomodation because it’s different than anything we would experience on a day to day. So, we have to adapt our current info to understand new info.
Disorganized Attachment
Inconsistent, confused, and hard to predict behavior, paranoid, feels unworthy to be loved
Eugenics
A discredited pseudoscientific theory that seeks to explain social ills (low IQ, birth defects, and disabilities) and improve (or evolve) human populations by way of selective breeding and genetic engineering. This theory has many anti-immigrant, colonial, ableist (vs. disabled) and racist intentions seeking to purify the genome for smarter, happier and generally better human population
Habituation
After repeated exposure an infant’s attention or response decreases
Anxious Attachment
Clingy, very jealous and obsessive with fears of being alone; Not single for long and serious trust issues
How does early life trauma and constant activation of the HPA axis (fight-flight stress system) lead to “bottom-heavy brains” (frontal lobe vs. the emotion-oriented limbic system neural connectivity)?
The brain over-connects in lower brain areas leading to issues in the frontal lobe region(like self-control) and under-connects in upper brain areas due to trauma and frequent activation of the HPA axis.
Underextension
When a child uses a general word to label specific things.
Ex: child calls only your dog “doggie” and refuses to call other animals that
Cross-sectional study
Study of groups of people who differ in the variable of interest (i.e., age) but share other characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity at a specific point in time (control for all demographics besides age). Often done via survey.
Ex: how do 20 vs. 50-year-olds differ in their experiences and attitudes around social media use?
