Unit 2 Terms & Topics Flashcards
1
Q
Principles of network applications
A
Key concepts include client-server and P2P architectures, reliable data transfer, and application layer protocol design.
2
Q
Network application architecture
A
The design approach for network applications, including client-server and P2P models.
3
Q
Client-server architecture
A
An architecture where a server provides resources or services, and a client accesses them.
4
Q
Data center
A
A facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.
5
Q
P2P architecture
A
A decentralized network architecture where each participant (peer) shares and consumes resources.
6
Q
Self-scalability
A
The ability of a system, especially in P2P networks, to handle increasing workload by adding resources.
7
Q
Processes and communication between processes
A
The execution of program instances and their interaction over a network.
8
Q
Socket as a software interface
A
A network socket is an endpoint for sending or receiving data across a computer network.
9
Q
Application Programming Interface (API)
A
A set of rules and tools for building software and applications.
10
Q
IP address and port number
A
An IP address identifies a host on a network, and a port number identifies a specific process on the host.
11
Q
Reliable data transfer
A
A network service that ensures complete and accurate data transfer between hosts.
12
Q
Loss-tolerant applications
A
Applications that can function effectively even when some data packets are lost.
13
Q
Bandwidth-sensitive applications
A
Applications that require a certain amount of bandwidth to function effectively.
14
Q
Elastic applications
A
Applications that can adapt their functionality to the available network bandwidth.
15
Q
Transport layer services
A
Services provided by the transport layer, like reliable data transfer and error checking.
16
Q
TCP services
A
Transmission Control Protocol services, offering reliable, ordered, and error-checked data transfer.
17
Q
UDP services
A
User Datagram Protocol services, offering a connection-less, less reliable data transfer.
18
Q
TCP connection
A
A connection-oriented communication established using TCP for reliable data transfer.
19
Q
Application-layer protocols
A
Protocols that enable network applications to communicate and exchange data.
20
Q
HTTP
A
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used for transmitting web pages over the internet.
21
Q
FTP
A
File Transfer Protocol, used for transferring files over a computer network.
22
Q
SMTP
A
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used for sending emails across networks.
23
Q
Web page
A
A document accessible on the World Wide Web, typically containing text, images, and links.
24
Q
Web object
A
Any discrete item, like an image or a script, which is a part of a web page.
25
Base HTML file
The primary HTML document of a web page, without its additional resources like images or stylesheets.
26
Web browsers
Software applications used for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
27
Web servers
Servers that store web content and serve it to users via HTTP.
28
Stateless protocol
A communication protocol where the server does not retain session information between requests.
29
Non-persistent connection
A type of connection where each request/response pair is sent over a separate TCP connection.
30
Persistent connection
A network connection that remains open for multiple HTTP requests and responses.
31
Round-trip time (RTT)
The time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the time it takes for an acknowledgment of that signal to be received.
32
HTTP/1.1
A version of HTTP with improvements like persistent connections and additional cache control mechanisms.
33
HTTP/2
A major revision of the HTTP network protocol with performance optimizations like multiplexed streams.
34
HTTP message format
The structure of an HTTP message, including start-line, headers, and optional body.
35
HTTP Request message
An HTTP message sent from a client to request data from a server.
36
Request line
The first line in an HTTP request message, containing the method, URI, and HTTP version.
37
Header lines (of request message)
Lines in an HTTP request message that convey additional information about the request.
38
General format of HTTP request message
The structure of an HTTP request, including request line, headers, and optional body.
39
Entity body (HTTP request message)
The part of an HTTP request message that contains the data being sent to the server.
40
HTTP response message
An HTTP message sent by the server in response to a client's request.
41
Status line
The first line in an HTTP response message, indicating the result of the request.
42
Header lines (of response message)
Lines in an HTTP response message that provide metadata about the response.
43
Entity body (HTTP response message)
The part of an HTTP response message that contains the data being sent to the client.
44
General format of HTTP response message
The structure of an HTTP response, including status line, headers, and optional body.
45
Cookies for user-server interaction
Small pieces of data sent from a server and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser.
46
Web caching and Web caches
The temporary storage of web documents to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag.
47
Proxy server
A server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.
48
Conditional GET
A feature of HTTP that allows a client to request a resource only if it has been updated.
49
Queuing delays
Delays caused by packets waiting in queue to be transmitted over a network.
50
Packet loss
The failure of one or more transmitted packets to reach their intended destination.
51
Forwarding table (of routers)
A data table in routers that dictates where to send packets based on their destination.
52
Routing protocols
Protocols that determine the best path for data to travel across a network.
53
Circuit and circuit switching
The establishment of a dedicated communication path between two nodes in a network.
54
End-to-end connection
A communication link that extends from the source to the destination without intermediate routers.
55
Multiplexing in circuit-switched networks
The process of combining multiple signals into one medium for transmission.
56
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
A multiplexing technique where multiple signals share the same transmission medium, separated by time.
57
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
A multiplexing method where multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies.
58
Bandwidth
The maximum rate of data transfer across a given path.
59
Silent periods (of circuit)
Times when a circuit is not transmitting data, often leading to inefficiency in circuit-switched networks.
60
Global transit ISP
An Internet Service Provider that connects different networks all over the world.
61
Regional ISP
An Internet Service Provider that serves customers within a specific geographical area.
62
Tier-1 ISP
An Internet Service Provider that can reach every part of the internet without purchasing IP transit.
63
Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
A physical infrastructure through which Internet Service Providers exchange internet traffic.
64
Content Provider Networks (CDNs)
Networks designed to deliver web content and videos to users efficiently.
65
Delay loss and throughput in packet-switched networks
Factors that affect the performance of packet-switched networks.
66
Types of delay
Various forms of latency in a network, such as transmission, propagation, processing, and queuing delays.
67
Nodal processing delay
The time taken for a node (like a router) to process a packet header.
68
Queuing delay
The time a packet spends waiting in a queue before being transmitted.
69
Transmission delay
The time it takes to push all the packet's bits into the wire.
70
Propagation delay
The time it takes for a signal to travel from one place to another in the network.
71
Total nodal delay
The sum of all types of delays that occur at a network node.
72
Queuing delay and packet loss
Factors that occur when more packets arrive than can be handled by the network.
73
Traffic intensity
The measure of the amount of traffic a network can handle compared to its capacity.
74
Packet drop and packet loss
The loss of packets in a network typically due to network congestion.
75
Instantaneous throughput
The rate at which a recipient is receiving data at any given moment.
76
Average throughput
The average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel.
77
Bottleneck link
The part of a network that limits total throughput due to its limited bandwidth.
78
Protocol layers and their service models
The organization of network protocols into layers, each with a specific function.
79
Layered architecture
The design of a network with separate layers that each handle a part of the communication process.
80
Protocol layering
The division of communication tasks into layers with distinct functions in a network.
81
Service and service model
The set of rules and formats that a network layer uses to exchange data.
82
Protocol stack
The collection of network protocols used in a network, arranged in layers.
83
Internet protocol stack
The set of protocols used on the internet, structured in layers.
84
ISO OSI reference model
A seven-layer model for network protocol design used to standardize communication functions.
85
Message at application layer
A unit of data at the highest level of the protocol stack, used by network applications.
86
Segment at transport layer
A unit of data in the transport layer responsible for process-to-process communication.
87
Datagram at network layer
A basic transfer unit associated with a network layer protocol like IP.
88
Frame at link layer
A unit of data used at the data link layer to encapsulate datagrams.
89
Payload field
The part of a network packet that carries the actual user data.
90
Encapsulation
The process of wrapping data with protocol information at each layer of the network stack.
91
Computer network history
The evolution and development of computer networks from their inception to the present day.
92
Packet switching
A method of grouping data transmitted over a digital network into packets.
93
ARPAnet
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.
94
ALOHAnet
A pioneering computer networking system that provided a basis for wireless communication technology.
95
BITNET
Because It's Time Network, a cooperative university computer network providing email and file transfers.
96
CSNET
The Computer Science Network, a network formed to link researchers in computer science departments.
97
NSFNET
The National Science Foundation Network, a set of high-speed networks that supported the Internet's expansion in the United States.
98
TCP/IP Network
A set of communication protocols used for the internet and similar networks, based on the TCP and IP protocols.
99
Electronic Mail (email)
A method of exchanging messages between people using electronic devices.
100
Internet email system
The complete set of protocols and infrastructure for sending and receiving email over the internet.
101
User agents
Software that acts on behalf of a user, such as an email client or a web browser.
102
Mail servers
Servers that store and forward emails to and from users.
103
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used for sending emails across the internet.
104
Mailbox
A storage area for emails on a mail server or in an email client.
105
Web-based email
An email service that can be accessed using a web browser.
106
Message queue
A method of holding messages to be processed or delivered at a later time.
107
Basic operation of SMTP
The process by which SMTP transfers email between servers and clients.
108
Dialog with SMTP
The sequence of request and response commands between an SMTP client and server.
109
Pull protocol
A protocol where the receiving end initiates a data transfer, as in email retrieval.
110
Push protocol
A protocol where the sending end initiates a data transfer, as in email sending.
111
Mail message formats
The structure and format of email messages, including headers and body content.
112
Mail access protocols
Protocols that allow users to retrieve email from a mail server, like POP3 and IMAP.
113
POP and POP3
Post Office Protocol, a standard protocol for retrieving email from a mail server.
114
IMAP
Internet Message Access Protocol, a protocol for retrieving and storing email on a mail server.
115
DNS servers
Servers that translate domain names into IP addresses.
116
Host aliasing
Mapping multiple domain names to the same host in DNS.
117
Canonical hostname
The definitive host name of a computer or network node, as recognized in DNS.
118
Mail server aliasing
Using DNS to direct email to a particular mail server using various domain names.
119
Loading distribution among replicated servers
Balancing network traffic across multiple servers to optimize performance.
120
DNS design strategies
Approaches to structuring the DNS, including distributed and hierarchical models.
121
Problem with a centralized design
Issues like a single point of failure and scalability challenges in centralized systems.
122
Single point of failure
A part of a system that, if it fails, will stop the entire system from working.
123
Traffic volume
The amount of data transmitted through a network in a given period of time.
124
Distant centralized database
A central database located far from the users, leading to increased latency.
125
Maintenance of DNS servers
The process of keeping DNS servers updated and running smoothly.
126
The hierarchy of Distributed DNS servers
The organizational structure of DNS servers in a hierarchical model.
127
Root DNS servers
The top-level DNS servers in the hierarchy that know where to find nameservers for all top-level domains.
128
Top-level domain (TLD) servers
DNS servers that store the address information for top-level domains like .com, .net.
129
Authoritative DNS servers
DNS servers that have the original source data for domain name information.
130
Local DNS server
A DNS server typically located within an ISP, used for initial domain name resolution requests.
131
Interaction of the various DNS servers
How different levels of DNS servers communicate to resolve domain names.
132
Recursive and iterative queries (to DNS servers)
Two types of queries used in DNS resolution: recursive queries and iterative queries.
133
DNS caching
The temporary storage of DNS query results for faster response to subsequent queries for the same domain.
134
DNS records and message
Data stored in DNS servers, containing information about domains and their corresponding IP addresses.
135
Resources Records (RRs)
Records in a DNS database that contain information about domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.
136
Inserting records into DNS database
The process of adding new domain name and IP address pairs to a DNS database.
137
Registrar
An organization accredited by ICANN to sell domain names and manage the registration of those domain names.
138
ICANN
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, responsible for managing and coordinating the internet's domain name system.
139
Internet video
Streaming or downloading of video content over the internet.
140
Low-quality video
Video with lower resolution and bit rates, suitable for slower internet connections.
141
High-definition video
Video with high resolution, offering better image quality but requiring more bandwidth.
142
4K video
Ultra-high-definition video with a resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels, requiring significant bandwidth.
143
UDP streaming
Streaming video using UDP, focusing on speed rather than error correction and order.
144
HTTP streaming
Delivering video content over HTTP, compatible with most web browsers and networks.
145
Adaptive HTTP streaming
A technique for streaming video that adjusts quality based on the user's network conditions.
146
Client buffering
The storage of data on the client side to ensure smooth playback during streaming.
147
Prefetching video in HTTP streaming
Downloading segments of a video in advance to reduce buffering during playback.
148
Client application buffer and TCP buffers
Temporary storage areas in clients and TCP to manage data flow during streaming.
149
Analysis of video streaming
Evaluating the performance and quality of streaming video over a network.
150
Early termination in video streaming
Ending a streaming session before the video is fully played.
151
Repositioning in video streaming
Seeking to a different time point within a video during streaming.
152
HTTP byte-range header
An HTTP header used to request specific ranges of data from a server, useful in video streaming.
153
Adaptive streaming and DASH
Streaming methods that adapt the video quality to the available network bandwidth.
154
Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH)
An adaptive streaming technique that allows for high-quality streaming over HTTP.
155
Manifest file
A file used in streaming to describe the different segments and qualities of a video.
156
Removing jitter at the receiver for audio
Techniques used to smooth out audio playback and reduce unevenness or delays.
157
Fixed playout delay
A method to compensate for jitter by delaying the playback of an audio or video stream.
158
Adaptive playout delay
A technique that dynamically adjusts the playout delay based on network conditions.
159
Recovering from packet loss
Methods used in streaming to handle the loss of data packets during transmission.
160
Loss recovering schemes
Strategies to recover or compensate for lost data packets in a network.
161
Forward error correction (FEC)
A method of error control for data transmission, which adds redundancy to the original data.
162
Interleaving
A technique used in data transmission to rearrange data to reduce the impact of burst errors.
163
Real-time measurements of delay and loss
Techniques for measuring network delay and packet loss in real-time.
164
IP anycast
A network addressing and routing method in which a single IP address is assigned to multiple locations.
165
TikTok
A social media platform for creating, sharing, and discovering short music videos.
166
Netflix
A streaming service offering a wide variety of TV shows, movies, anime, documentaries, and more on thousands of internet-connected devices.
167
Netflix video streaming platform
Netflix's infrastructure for delivering streaming video content over the internet.
168
YouTube
A video sharing service where users can watch, like, share, comment and upload their own videos.
169
Kankan
A Chinese video-on-demand service known for providing high-quality video content.
170
Limitations of the best-effort IP service
Challenges like packet loss, end-to-end delay, and packet jitter in IP networks.
171
Packet loss
The loss of data packets during transmission over a network.
172
End-to-end delay
The total time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination.
173
Packet jitter
Variation in the delay of received packets, affecting the quality of streaming media and real-time communications.
174
Content distribution networks (CDNs)
Networks of servers that work together to distribute content efficiently to users across the globe.
175
Private CDN
A CDN operated by a single organization for its own use.
176
Third-party CDN
A CDN provided by an external service provider to deliver content for multiple clients.
177
Server placement philosophy of CDN
Strategies for server placement in CDNs to optimize content delivery.
178
Enter deep philosophy
A CDN approach that places servers deep into networks closer to end-users.
179
Bring home philosophy
A CDN strategy focused on bringing content closer to the user by caching it at strategic locations.
180
CDN operation
The functioning of a Content Distribution Network, including content replication and delivery.
181
Cluster selection strategies of CDN
Methods used by CDNs to choose the most appropriate server cluster for content delivery.
182
Geographically closest cluster (of servers)
Selecting the server cluster closest to the user in terms of geographical distance for content delivery.
