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COMP 347: Computer Networks > Unit 2 Terms & Topics > Flashcards

Unit 2 Terms & Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of network applications

A

Key concepts include client-server and P2P architectures, reliable data transfer, and application layer protocol design.

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2
Q

Network application architecture

A

The design approach for network applications, including client-server and P2P models.

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3
Q

Client-server architecture

A

An architecture where a server provides resources or services, and a client accesses them.

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4
Q

Data center

A

A facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.

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5
Q

P2P architecture

A

A decentralized network architecture where each participant (peer) shares and consumes resources.

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6
Q

Self-scalability

A

The ability of a system, especially in P2P networks, to handle increasing workload by adding resources.

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7
Q

Processes and communication between processes

A

The execution of program instances and their interaction over a network.

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8
Q

Socket as a software interface

A

A network socket is an endpoint for sending or receiving data across a computer network.

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9
Q

Application Programming Interface (API)

A

A set of rules and tools for building software and applications.

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10
Q

IP address and port number

A

An IP address identifies a host on a network, and a port number identifies a specific process on the host.

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11
Q

Reliable data transfer

A

A network service that ensures complete and accurate data transfer between hosts.

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12
Q

Loss-tolerant applications

A

Applications that can function effectively even when some data packets are lost.

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13
Q

Bandwidth-sensitive applications

A

Applications that require a certain amount of bandwidth to function effectively.

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14
Q

Elastic applications

A

Applications that can adapt their functionality to the available network bandwidth.

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15
Q

Transport layer services

A

Services provided by the transport layer, like reliable data transfer and error checking.

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16
Q

TCP services

A

Transmission Control Protocol services, offering reliable, ordered, and error-checked data transfer.

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17
Q

UDP services

A

User Datagram Protocol services, offering a connection-less, less reliable data transfer.

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18
Q

TCP connection

A

A connection-oriented communication established using TCP for reliable data transfer.

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19
Q

Application-layer protocols

A

Protocols that enable network applications to communicate and exchange data.

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20
Q

HTTP

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

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21
Q

FTP

A

File Transfer Protocol, used for transferring files over a computer network.

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22
Q

SMTP

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used for sending emails across networks.

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23
Q

Web page

A

A document accessible on the World Wide Web, typically containing text, images, and links.

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24
Q

Web object

A

Any discrete item, like an image or a script, which is a part of a web page.

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25
Q

Base HTML file

A

The primary HTML document of a web page, without its additional resources like images or stylesheets.

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26
Q

Web browsers

A

Software applications used for accessing information on the World Wide Web.

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27
Q

Web servers

A

Servers that store web content and serve it to users via HTTP.

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28
Q

Stateless protocol

A

A communication protocol where the server does not retain session information between requests.

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29
Q

Non-persistent connection

A

A type of connection where each request/response pair is sent over a separate TCP connection.

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30
Q

Persistent connection

A

A network connection that remains open for multiple HTTP requests and responses.

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31
Q

Round-trip time (RTT)

A

The time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the time it takes for an acknowledgment of that signal to be received.

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32
Q

HTTP/1.1

A

A version of HTTP with improvements like persistent connections and additional cache control mechanisms.

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33
Q

HTTP/2

A

A major revision of the HTTP network protocol with performance optimizations like multiplexed streams.

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34
Q

HTTP message format

A

The structure of an HTTP message, including start-line, headers, and optional body.

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35
Q

HTTP Request message

A

An HTTP message sent from a client to request data from a server.

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36
Q

Request line

A

The first line in an HTTP request message, containing the method, URI, and HTTP version.

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37
Q

Header lines (of request message)

A

Lines in an HTTP request message that convey additional information about the request.

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38
Q

General format of HTTP request message

A

The structure of an HTTP request, including request line, headers, and optional body.

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39
Q

Entity body (HTTP request message)

A

The part of an HTTP request message that contains the data being sent to the server.

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40
Q

HTTP response message

A

An HTTP message sent by the server in response to a client’s request.

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41
Q

Status line

A

The first line in an HTTP response message, indicating the result of the request.

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42
Q

Header lines (of response message)

A

Lines in an HTTP response message that provide metadata about the response.

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43
Q

Entity body (HTTP response message)

A

The part of an HTTP response message that contains the data being sent to the client.

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44
Q

General format of HTTP response message

A

The structure of an HTTP response, including status line, headers, and optional body.

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45
Q

Cookies for user-server interaction

A

Small pieces of data sent from a server and stored on the user’s computer by the user’s web browser.

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46
Q

Web caching and Web caches

A

The temporary storage of web documents to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag.

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47
Q

Proxy server

A

A server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.

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48
Q

Conditional GET

A

A feature of HTTP that allows a client to request a resource only if it has been updated.

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49
Q

Queuing delays

A

Delays caused by packets waiting in queue to be transmitted over a network.

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50
Q

Packet loss

A

The failure of one or more transmitted packets to reach their intended destination.

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51
Q

Forwarding table (of routers)

A

A data table in routers that dictates where to send packets based on their destination.

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52
Q

Routing protocols

A

Protocols that determine the best path for data to travel across a network.

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53
Q

Circuit and circuit switching

A

The establishment of a dedicated communication path between two nodes in a network.

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54
Q

End-to-end connection

A

A communication link that extends from the source to the destination without intermediate routers.

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55
Q

Multiplexing in circuit-switched networks

A

The process of combining multiple signals into one medium for transmission.

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56
Q

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

A

A multiplexing technique where multiple signals share the same transmission medium, separated by time.

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57
Q

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)

A

A multiplexing method where multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies.

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58
Q

Bandwidth

A

The maximum rate of data transfer across a given path.

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59
Q

Silent periods (of circuit)

A

Times when a circuit is not transmitting data, often leading to inefficiency in circuit-switched networks.

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60
Q

Global transit ISP

A

An Internet Service Provider that connects different networks all over the world.

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61
Q

Regional ISP

A

An Internet Service Provider that serves customers within a specific geographical area.

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62
Q

Tier-1 ISP

A

An Internet Service Provider that can reach every part of the internet without purchasing IP transit.

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63
Q

Internet Exchange Point (IXP)

A

A physical infrastructure through which Internet Service Providers exchange internet traffic.

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64
Q

Content Provider Networks (CDNs)

A

Networks designed to deliver web content and videos to users efficiently.

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65
Q

Delay loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

A

Factors that affect the performance of packet-switched networks.

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66
Q

Types of delay

A

Various forms of latency in a network, such as transmission, propagation, processing, and queuing delays.

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67
Q

Nodal processing delay

A

The time taken for a node (like a router) to process a packet header.

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68
Q

Queuing delay

A

The time a packet spends waiting in a queue before being transmitted.

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69
Q

Transmission delay

A

The time it takes to push all the packet’s bits into the wire.

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70
Q

Propagation delay

A

The time it takes for a signal to travel from one place to another in the network.

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71
Q

Total nodal delay

A

The sum of all types of delays that occur at a network node.

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72
Q

Queuing delay and packet loss

A

Factors that occur when more packets arrive than can be handled by the network.

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73
Q

Traffic intensity

A

The measure of the amount of traffic a network can handle compared to its capacity.

74
Q

Packet drop and packet loss

A

The loss of packets in a network typically due to network congestion.

75
Q

Instantaneous throughput

A

The rate at which a recipient is receiving data at any given moment.

76
Q

Average throughput

A

The average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel.

77
Q

Bottleneck link

A

The part of a network that limits total throughput due to its limited bandwidth.

78
Q

Protocol layers and their service models

A

The organization of network protocols into layers, each with a specific function.

79
Q

Layered architecture

A

The design of a network with separate layers that each handle a part of the communication process.

80
Q

Protocol layering

A

The division of communication tasks into layers with distinct functions in a network.

81
Q

Service and service model

A

The set of rules and formats that a network layer uses to exchange data.

82
Q

Protocol stack

A

The collection of network protocols used in a network, arranged in layers.

83
Q

Internet protocol stack

A

The set of protocols used on the internet, structured in layers.

84
Q

ISO OSI reference model

A

A seven-layer model for network protocol design used to standardize communication functions.

85
Q

Message at application layer

A

A unit of data at the highest level of the protocol stack, used by network applications.

86
Q

Segment at transport layer

A

A unit of data in the transport layer responsible for process-to-process communication.

87
Q

Datagram at network layer

A

A basic transfer unit associated with a network layer protocol like IP.

88
Q

Frame at link layer

A

A unit of data used at the data link layer to encapsulate datagrams.

89
Q

Payload field

A

The part of a network packet that carries the actual user data.

90
Q

Encapsulation

A

The process of wrapping data with protocol information at each layer of the network stack.

91
Q

Computer network history

A

The evolution and development of computer networks from their inception to the present day.

92
Q

Packet switching

A

A method of grouping data transmitted over a digital network into packets.

93
Q

ARPAnet

A

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.

94
Q

ALOHAnet

A

A pioneering computer networking system that provided a basis for wireless communication technology.

95
Q

BITNET

A

Because It’s Time Network, a cooperative university computer network providing email and file transfers.

96
Q

CSNET

A

The Computer Science Network, a network formed to link researchers in computer science departments.

97
Q

NSFNET

A

The National Science Foundation Network, a set of high-speed networks that supported the Internet’s expansion in the United States.

98
Q

TCP/IP Network

A

A set of communication protocols used for the internet and similar networks, based on the TCP and IP protocols.

99
Q

Electronic Mail (email)

A

A method of exchanging messages between people using electronic devices.

100
Q

Internet email system

A

The complete set of protocols and infrastructure for sending and receiving email over the internet.

101
Q

User agents

A

Software that acts on behalf of a user, such as an email client or a web browser.

102
Q

Mail servers

A

Servers that store and forward emails to and from users.

103
Q

SMTP

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used for sending emails across the internet.

104
Q

Mailbox

A

A storage area for emails on a mail server or in an email client.

105
Q

Web-based email

A

An email service that can be accessed using a web browser.

106
Q

Message queue

A

A method of holding messages to be processed or delivered at a later time.

107
Q

Basic operation of SMTP

A

The process by which SMTP transfers email between servers and clients.

108
Q

Dialog with SMTP

A

The sequence of request and response commands between an SMTP client and server.

109
Q

Pull protocol

A

A protocol where the receiving end initiates a data transfer, as in email retrieval.

110
Q

Push protocol

A

A protocol where the sending end initiates a data transfer, as in email sending.

111
Q

Mail message formats

A

The structure and format of email messages, including headers and body content.

112
Q

Mail access protocols

A

Protocols that allow users to retrieve email from a mail server, like POP3 and IMAP.

113
Q

POP and POP3

A

Post Office Protocol, a standard protocol for retrieving email from a mail server.

114
Q

IMAP

A

Internet Message Access Protocol, a protocol for retrieving and storing email on a mail server.

115
Q

DNS servers

A

Servers that translate domain names into IP addresses.

116
Q

Host aliasing

A

Mapping multiple domain names to the same host in DNS.

117
Q

Canonical hostname

A

The definitive host name of a computer or network node, as recognized in DNS.

118
Q

Mail server aliasing

A

Using DNS to direct email to a particular mail server using various domain names.

119
Q

Loading distribution among replicated servers

A

Balancing network traffic across multiple servers to optimize performance.

120
Q

DNS design strategies

A

Approaches to structuring the DNS, including distributed and hierarchical models.

121
Q

Problem with a centralized design

A

Issues like a single point of failure and scalability challenges in centralized systems.

122
Q

Single point of failure

A

A part of a system that, if it fails, will stop the entire system from working.

123
Q

Traffic volume

A

The amount of data transmitted through a network in a given period of time.

124
Q

Distant centralized database

A

A central database located far from the users, leading to increased latency.

125
Q

Maintenance of DNS servers

A

The process of keeping DNS servers updated and running smoothly.

126
Q

The hierarchy of Distributed DNS servers

A

The organizational structure of DNS servers in a hierarchical model.

127
Q

Root DNS servers

A

The top-level DNS servers in the hierarchy that know where to find nameservers for all top-level domains.

128
Q

Top-level domain (TLD) servers

A

DNS servers that store the address information for top-level domains like .com, .net.

129
Q

Authoritative DNS servers

A

DNS servers that have the original source data for domain name information.

130
Q

Local DNS server

A

A DNS server typically located within an ISP, used for initial domain name resolution requests.

131
Q

Interaction of the various DNS servers

A

How different levels of DNS servers communicate to resolve domain names.

132
Q

Recursive and iterative queries (to DNS servers)

A

Two types of queries used in DNS resolution: recursive queries and iterative queries.

133
Q

DNS caching

A

The temporary storage of DNS query results for faster response to subsequent queries for the same domain.

134
Q

DNS records and message

A

Data stored in DNS servers, containing information about domains and their corresponding IP addresses.

135
Q

Resources Records (RRs)

A

Records in a DNS database that contain information about domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.

136
Q

Inserting records into DNS database

A

The process of adding new domain name and IP address pairs to a DNS database.

137
Q

Registrar

A

An organization accredited by ICANN to sell domain names and manage the registration of those domain names.

138
Q

ICANN

A

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, responsible for managing and coordinating the internet’s domain name system.

139
Q

Internet video

A

Streaming or downloading of video content over the internet.

140
Q

Low-quality video

A

Video with lower resolution and bit rates, suitable for slower internet connections.

141
Q

High-definition video

A

Video with high resolution, offering better image quality but requiring more bandwidth.

142
Q

4K video

A

Ultra-high-definition video with a resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels, requiring significant bandwidth.

143
Q

UDP streaming

A

Streaming video using UDP, focusing on speed rather than error correction and order.

144
Q

HTTP streaming

A

Delivering video content over HTTP, compatible with most web browsers and networks.

145
Q

Adaptive HTTP streaming

A

A technique for streaming video that adjusts quality based on the user’s network conditions.

146
Q

Client buffering

A

The storage of data on the client side to ensure smooth playback during streaming.

147
Q

Prefetching video in HTTP streaming

A

Downloading segments of a video in advance to reduce buffering during playback.

148
Q

Client application buffer and TCP buffers

A

Temporary storage areas in clients and TCP to manage data flow during streaming.

149
Q

Analysis of video streaming

A

Evaluating the performance and quality of streaming video over a network.

150
Q

Early termination in video streaming

A

Ending a streaming session before the video is fully played.

151
Q

Repositioning in video streaming

A

Seeking to a different time point within a video during streaming.

152
Q

HTTP byte-range header

A

An HTTP header used to request specific ranges of data from a server, useful in video streaming.

153
Q

Adaptive streaming and DASH

A

Streaming methods that adapt the video quality to the available network bandwidth.

154
Q

Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH)

A

An adaptive streaming technique that allows for high-quality streaming over HTTP.

155
Q

Manifest file

A

A file used in streaming to describe the different segments and qualities of a video.

156
Q

Removing jitter at the receiver for audio

A

Techniques used to smooth out audio playback and reduce unevenness or delays.

157
Q

Fixed playout delay

A

A method to compensate for jitter by delaying the playback of an audio or video stream.

158
Q

Adaptive playout delay

A

A technique that dynamically adjusts the playout delay based on network conditions.

159
Q

Recovering from packet loss

A

Methods used in streaming to handle the loss of data packets during transmission.

160
Q

Loss recovering schemes

A

Strategies to recover or compensate for lost data packets in a network.

161
Q

Forward error correction (FEC)

A

A method of error control for data transmission, which adds redundancy to the original data.

162
Q

Interleaving

A

A technique used in data transmission to rearrange data to reduce the impact of burst errors.

163
Q

Real-time measurements of delay and loss

A

Techniques for measuring network delay and packet loss in real-time.

164
Q

IP anycast

A

A network addressing and routing method in which a single IP address is assigned to multiple locations.

165
Q

TikTok

A

A social media platform for creating, sharing, and discovering short music videos.

166
Q

Netflix

A

A streaming service offering a wide variety of TV shows, movies, anime, documentaries, and more on thousands of internet-connected devices.

167
Q

Netflix video streaming platform

A

Netflix’s infrastructure for delivering streaming video content over the internet.

168
Q

YouTube

A

A video sharing service where users can watch, like, share, comment and upload their own videos.

169
Q

Kankan

A

A Chinese video-on-demand service known for providing high-quality video content.

170
Q

Limitations of the best-effort IP service

A

Challenges like packet loss, end-to-end delay, and packet jitter in IP networks.

171
Q

Packet loss

A

The loss of data packets during transmission over a network.

172
Q

End-to-end delay

A

The total time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination.

173
Q

Packet jitter

A

Variation in the delay of received packets, affecting the quality of streaming media and real-time communications.

174
Q

Content distribution networks (CDNs)

A

Networks of servers that work together to distribute content efficiently to users across the globe.

175
Q

Private CDN

A

A CDN operated by a single organization for its own use.

176
Q

Third-party CDN

A

A CDN provided by an external service provider to deliver content for multiple clients.

177
Q

Server placement philosophy of CDN

A

Strategies for server placement in CDNs to optimize content delivery.

178
Q

Enter deep philosophy

A

A CDN approach that places servers deep into networks closer to end-users.

179
Q

Bring home philosophy

A

A CDN strategy focused on bringing content closer to the user by caching it at strategic locations.

180
Q

CDN operation

A

The functioning of a Content Distribution Network, including content replication and delivery.

181
Q

Cluster selection strategies of CDN

A

Methods used by CDNs to choose the most appropriate server cluster for content delivery.

182
Q

Geographically closest cluster (of servers)

A

Selecting the server cluster closest to the user in terms of geographical distance for content delivery.

COMP 347: Computer Networks (2 decks)

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