Unit 2 Study guide (Chapter 2 + 3) Flashcards
Types of Aid and examples (3)
Health aid: Examples include projects within the broad topic of health (from clean water and food to immunization and hospitals), but also education and later gender equity, human rights, democracy support, ecology, and so forth
Economic aid: Examples include balance of payments assistance, agriculture, and industrial investment, investment in infrastructure (ports, railways, power stations, roads ect.) and much later debt relief
Humanitarian aid: Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disasters and man-made disaster. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity.
How successful has the “medical” or “biomedical” model of care been in terms of population health from the 1940s onward?
- Not very effective
- Money was pored into high technology and hospitals with not much of an outcome
What have been the main successes of the medical/biomedical model approach (e.g.: effects on communicable diseases worldwide)?
Communicable Disease eradication - Tb got better without medicine
What are shortcomings of the medical/biomedical model approach in terms of addressing global health issues faced today in both developing and developed countries?
People are getting sicker at younger ages because of communicable diseases
The diseases that the high income people were affected by at an older age is now effecting the developing countries at a younger age and more worse
According to the CNA, based on current trends in health care delivery and health promotion, which of the following strategies should be the focus of health care providers to achieve the best overall outcomes in populations?
a. Interventions to modify health beliefs
b. Interventions to change health behaviours
c. Interventions to address health inequities
d. Interventions to treat acute and chronic illnesses
c. Interventions to address health inequities
The rate of diabetes globally is increasing rapidly and some estimates state that well over 10% of the total global health budget is directed toward diabetes prevention and treatment. In which country category (listed below) do you think the greatest percent of people live with diabetes and why?
a. High-income countries
b. Middle-income countries
c. Low-income countries
d. Neither a., b., or c. is correct since it affects all three countries categories at about the same rate.
Low-income countries
Decade 1940 and 1950s
o War had brought devastation to many countries, but it also catalyzed unstoppable social movements.
o Financial aid and military assistance were the tools used by both sides to gain political influence
o In the process, foreign aid money was wasted shamelessly on a succession of tyrants while the poor countries were viewed as little more than pawns in the great game
Post war optimism
The early post-war years brought about many philanthropic (a person of an organization that seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by donating money to good causes; generous and benevolent) and government sponsored aid initiatives that were uncoordinated, sporadic in nature and aimed largely at the Eradication of disease through medical initiatives. Fascination with science, technology, and pharmacologicals.
Described as a snowball rolling uncontrollably down a hill, gathering strength and size without a predetermined direction
Much waste of funding dollars and little success to show for personnel, time, and money invested… the outcome is like a heart in Afib all work and zero to little outcome
1940-1950: world bank and international monetary fund were established, UN was established, FAO was established, UNICEF –international children fund, WHO established, High commission for refugees was established
Decade 1960 and 1970s
1960s : The First decade of development
• 1960s viewed as the first decade in which attention was paid to changing the environment in which health problems prevailed and spread… Beginning recognition of SDoH
• In other words, if foreign aid initiatives were to be successful, then aid would need to focus on eradication of them problem as well as the factors that maintained or sustained the problem (sanitation, malnutrition, lifestyle, human rights, poverty, illiteracy
o Period began with growing enthusiasm for the “big plan” approach to development …
o The International Development Association was established w/i the world bank to coordinate interest free loans to poor countries.
o In 1965 the UN development program was formed to help developing world industries
• Focused less on the medical model and more on what is causing the problem in the environment
• 1978: WHO 1978 Declaration of Alma Ata- Birth of primary health care with the recognition that health for all required address to health inequities (political, social, and environmental factors that influence health and diseaseSDoH model)
Decade 1980 and 1990s
1980s: The loss Decade
• Growing world debt on the heals of a major world recession
• 1982 emergence of HIV/AIDS
• Primary health care movement was gaining much popularity but organizations were quick to find that health and financial aid initiatives that supported PHC were time, money and labour intensive
o During the 198 and 1990s health aid did fairly well. Economic aid responded to the challenge of world recession by concentrating on economic growth incentives, even when some of those initiatives were demonstrably harmful to the poor.
Teacher Note on the decades 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
1940- destruction of infrastructure, increase in poor people
1950- Everything is beautiful abundance of $ since WW1
1960- era of development
1970- recession
1980- Lost decade, keep spending (snowball effect?)
1990- recession r/t oil
countries taking back loans
Massive change
MDG first movement with specific targets and indicators
