Unit 2 Study

Question 1

where did people use to think the earth was?

Answer 1

in the center of the universe, This idea was held by Aristotle, who was a classical
thinker widely viewed as one of the most
authoritative sources of knowledge

Question 2

Who put for the heliocentric theory? Placing the sun at the center of the universe?

Answer 2

Copernicus

Question 3

What did Kelper discover?

Answer 3

provided mathematical formulas that
helped prove the Copernican hypothesis

Question 4

What did Galileo discover? What was he found guilty for?

Answer 4

made high-quality observations that further
proved the Copernican hypothesis
 He was found guilty of heresy and condemned
by the Inquisition for his public support of
Copernicus’s theory

Question 5

What did newton discover?

Answer 5

developed the law of universal gravitation,
which explained why objects orbit each other in
space

Question 6

Who said: Said that people can gain knowledge
only if they rid their minds of false beliefs. He
outlined a method of scientific investigation that
depended on close observation

Answer 6

Francis Baron

Question 7

Who said: Said that to gain knowledge that
was certain, people should doubt every statement
until logic proved it to be true. He saw the physical
universe as obeying universal mathematic laws

Answer 7

Rene Descartes

Question 8

Who was one of the most famous thinkers of the enlightenment? What did he believe in?

Answer 8

Voltaire, Believed in reforming society in the name of justice
and human happiness, Warned against superstition, error, and oppression
 Believed very strongly in empiricism, the idea
that all knowledge is based on experience
derived from the senses
 He also championed religious tolerance (the
acceptance of different religious beliefs and
customs)

Question 9

WHAT WERE ENLIGHTENMENT SALONS?

Answer 9

Forums where the wealthy and famous would
discuss social questions and literary works
 They were often hosted by aristocratic women, such
as Madame Geoffrin
 Traditional authorities, such as the Catholic Church
and monarchies, typically did not support salons, as
they bypassed common forms of censorship and
control of information

Question 10

Who were the enlightenment monarchs?

Answer 10

Frederick the Great of
Prussia

 Catherine the Great of
Russia

 Joseph II of Austria

 Enlightened monarchs founded universities and scientific societies
 Introduced reforms such as greater religious tolerance and an end to torture and
executions
 They did not go too far, as they didn’t want to anger the nobles, or lose their own power