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MLT042 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 2: Skeletal System & Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Skeletal System & Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main structural unit of compact bone?

A

The main structural unit is the osteon, also known as Haversian systems.

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage resembles hyaline cartilage but has more elastic fibers for better bending.

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3
Q

What does the human skeleton initially consist of?

A

The human skeleton begins as a structure composed of cartilages and fibrous membranes.

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4
Q

What do Haversian canals contain, and what is their function?

A

Haversian canals contain blood vessels that supply osteocytes and enable communication via canaliculi.

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5
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found in the body?

A

Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis.

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6
Q

What is the primary composition of skeletal cartilage?

A

Skeletal cartilage is primarily composed of water, contributing to its resilience.

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7
Q

How does spongy bone differ in appearance from compact bone?

A

Spongy bone resembles a sponge with visible holes or cavities, while compact bone appears solid.

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8
Q

What distinguishes fibrocartilage from other types of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage is compressible and has parallel rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers.

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9
Q

What is the significance of cartilage being avascular?

A

Being avascular means cartilage has no nerves or blood vessels, affecting its healing capacity.

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10
Q

What are common locations for fibrocartilage in the body?

A

Fibrocartilage is found in menisci of the knee and intervertebral discs.

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11
Q

What are the three types of cartilage tissue in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

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12
Q

What is the role of red bone marrow found in spongy bone?

A

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, platelets, and five kinds of white blood cells.

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13
Q

What is the function of the perichondrium in cartilage?

A

The perichondrium prevents outward expansion and provides nutrients through diffusion.

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14
Q

What are long bones and where are they located?

A

Long bones are found in the arms, legs, hands, and feet.

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15
Q

What is calcification of cartilage, and when does it occur?

A

Calcification occurs during normal bone growth and aging, but calcified cartilage is not bone.

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16
Q

Are the components of spongy bone arranged in Haversian systems?

A

No, the components of spongy bone are not arranged in Haversian systems.

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17
Q

How is skeletal cartilage adapted for specific body locations?

A

Skeletal cartilage is shaped to fit its specific body location and function.

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18
Q

What are the basic components shared by all types of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes, lacunae, and an extracellular matrix.

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19
Q

What is the medullary cavity and what does it contain?

A

The medullary cavity is hollow and contains yellow bone marrow, mainly composed of adipose tissue.

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20
Q

How does hyaline cartilage appear when freshly exposed?

A

It looks like frosted glass.

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21
Q

What are the main components of the skeletal system?

A

The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of the skeletal system in terms of protection?

A

The skeleton protects internal organs from mechanical injury, like the rib cage protecting the heart and lungs.

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23
Q

What distinguishes short bones from other bone types?

A

Short bones include the bones of the wrists and ankles.

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24
Q

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?

A

To provide support with flexibility and resilience.

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25
What type of tissue is responsible for blood formation within the skeletal system?
Red bone marrow is the primary tissue responsible for hematopoiesis or blood formation.
26
What are two types of skeletal hyaline cartilage?
Articular cartilages and costal cartilages.
27
What are examples of flat bones?
Flat bones include the ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and cranial bones.
28
What key substances make up the bone matrix?
The bone matrix comprises calcium salts and collagen, providing strength to bones.
29
What percentage of total body weight does the skeleton constitute?
The skeleton constitutes about 14% of total body weight.
30
What is the function of collagen in bone structure?
Collagen provides elasticity to bones with its tough, ropelike fibers.
31
What feature do irregular bones possess?
Irregular bones include the vertebrae and facial bones, lacking a specific shape.
32
How do compact and spongy bone differ in structure?
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer, while spongy bone is lighter and found within bones.
33
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone biology?
Osteoblasts are specialized cells responsible for creating new bone.
34
What is the total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones.
35
Which minerals contribute to the rigidity of bones?
Bones become rigid primarily due to deposits of phosphate and calcium.
36
How do bones facilitate movement?
Bones act as levers for movement, requiring muscles to pull on them to move.
37
What bones comprise the shoulder girdle in the upper appendage?
The shoulder girdle includes the scapula and clavicle.
38
What are the main bones of the lower appendage's pelvic girdle?
The pelvic girdle is composed of the hip bones, sacrum, and symphysis pubis.
39
How many bones are present in the adult human skeleton?
An adult skeleton typically has 206 bones.
40
What distinguishes the axial skeleton from the appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton includes 80 bones in the upper body; the appendicular skeleton involves limb and shoulder bones.
41
Which bone is the longest in the body and connects the pelvis to the knee?
The femur is the longest bone and connects the pelvis to the knee.
42
What is the significance of bone fusions in infants?
Babies have over 300 bones, which fuse as they grow, leading to a decrease in the total bone count.
43
How many phalanges are found in each hand?
There are 14 phalanges in each hand: 3 in each finger and 2 in the thumb.
44
What types of connections exist between bones?
Bones can connect rigidly, through rubbery cartilage, or via muscular/ligamentous flexible joints.
45
Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton includes the skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
46
What is spongy bone also known as?
Spongy bone is also known as cancellous bone.
47
How are osteocytes arranged in spongy bone compared to compact bone?
Osteocytes in spongy bone are not arranged in concentric circles.
48
What is the function of the trabecular network in spongy bone?
The trabecular network provides significant strength and makes bones lighter
49
How do osteocytes in spongy bone receive nourishment?
Osteocytes are nourished by blood vessels from the periosteum and marrow cavities.
50
What roles do nerves play in spongy bone?
Nerves sense pain, regulate blood supplies, and influence bone growth.
51
What is compact bone, and where is it located?
Compact bone is a dense, strong type of bone found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones.
52
What is the osteon, and what are its main components?
The osteon is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone, composed of lamellae, a central canal, and perforating canals.
53
What is the function of the central canal in an osteon?
The central canal contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, providing support and nourishment.
54
What role do osteocytes play in compact bone?
Osteocytes, located in lacunae, transport nutrients and remove wastes via canaliculi.
55
What are the two main parts of long bones?
Long bones consist of the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (ends).
56
What is the medullary cavity's primary function?
The medullary cavity holds yellow marrow and is involved in bone growth and remodeling.
57
How do perforating canals contribute to the structure of compact bone?
Perforating canals branch off the central canal, extending to the periosteum and endosteum, enhancing nutrient transport.
58
What is the role of the periosteum?
The periosteum nourishes bones and serves as attachment for tendons and ligaments.
59
How do flat bones protect internal organs?
Flat bones have compact bone layers surrounding spongy bone, providing strength and protection.
60
What separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis in long bones?
The metaphysis, containing the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), separates them.
61
What is an osteon and its significance in compact bone?
An osteon is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone, essential for its strength and function.
62
What role do lamellae play in the osteon structure?
Lamellae are concentric rings of calcified matrix that compose each osteon, providing structural support.
63
How do osteocytes communicate and receive nutrients?
Osteocytes communicate through canaliculi, which connect lacunae and supply nutrients and remove waste.
64
What is the function of trabeculae in spongy bone?
Trabeculae form a lattice-like network, providing structural strength and reducing bone weight for mobility.
65
How are bones classified?
Bones are classified based on their shape, not size.
66
What structures primarily compose spongy bone?
Spongy bone is primarily made up of trabeculae, which provide support and house osteocytes.
67
What defines irregular bones?
Irregular bones have complex shapes and do not fit into other bone classifications.
68
How do blood vessels nourish spongy bone and the medullary cavity?
Blood vessels from the compact bone pass through to nourish spongy bone and the medullary cavity.
69
What defines long bones and their function?
Long bones are cylindrical and act as levers for movement.
70
What are sesamoid bones and where do they form?
Sesamoid bones are small, round bones forming in tendons under pressure, particularly at joints.
71
What are the primary functions of long bones?
Long bones provide leverage and include examples like the femur and humerus
72
What are short bones and their primary function?
Short bones are cube-like, providing stability and support.
73
How are bones classified based on shape, and what is a key feature of long bones?
Bones are classified by shape; long bones are crucial for movement and support.
74
What is found in the spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone?
The spaces between trabeculae are filled with red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production.
75
How do short bones differ in shape and function?
Short bones are cube-like, providing stability and support with some motion, like carpals.
76
What characterizes flat bones and their purpose?
Flat bones are thin and curved, serving for muscle attachment and organ protection.
77
What is the role of flat bones in the body?
Flat bones protect internal organs and serve as muscle attachment points, such as the sternum.
78
What describes irregular bones and their role?
Irregular bones lack a defined shape, providing support and protection.
79
How do arteries nourish spongy bone?
Arteries traverse compact bone, entering through nutrient foramina to nourish spongy bone and the medullary cavity.
80
What is compact bone, and what are its primary functions?
Compact bone is dense and strong, providing support, protection, and resistance to compressive forces.
81
From where do osteocytes in spongy bone receive nutrients?
Osteocytes receive nutrients from periosteum blood vessels and circulating blood in marrow cavities.
82
Describe spongy bone and its role in the skeletal system.
Spongy bone is less dense with open spaces, supporting weight distribution and providing flexibility.
83
What role do nerves play in spongy bone?
Nerves follow pathways into spongy bone, concentrating in metabolically active areas.
84
What is the osteon, and what are its key components?
The osteon is the basic unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae and central canals.
85
What roles do nerves play within bone structure?
Nerves sense pain, regulate blood supply, and influence bone growth in metabolically active areas.
86
What is muscular dystrophy?
Muscular dystrophy is characterized by the progressive degeneration of muscle fibers.
87
What is the origin of muscular dystrophy?
The condition is primarily of hereditary origin.
88
What happens to muscle regeneration in muscular dystrophy?
Muscles fail to regenerate, leading to significant consequences.
89
What are common clinical manifestations of muscular dystrophy?
Patients experience progressive weakness and may become confined to a wheelchair.
90
What is the ultimate prognosis of muscular dystrophy?
Muscular dystrophy can lead to death due to complications from muscle degeneration.
91
What is the definition of cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle forms the musculature of the heart.
92
What is the role of smooth muscle in blood vessels?
Smooth muscle regulates blood pressure and flow through various organs.
93
What are the key characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, autotonically supplied, contains abundant mitochondria, and has a single nucleus.
94
What distinguishes contractile cells from autorhythmic cells in cardiac muscle?
Contractile cells pump the heart, while autorhythmic cells initiate action potentials.
95
How does smooth muscle function in the respiratory system?
It controls the inflow and outflow of air through contraction and relaxation.
96
What role do gap junctions play in cardiac muscle?
Gap junctions allow cells to pass molecules, ions, and electrical impulses between them.
97
How is smooth muscle defined and where is it commonly found?
Smooth muscle consists of spindle-shaped cells and is found in blood vessels, digestive tract, and various organs.
98
What are the key contractile proteins in smooth muscle?
The main proteins are actin, myosin, and tropomyosin; troponin is absent.
99
Describe the structural characteristics of smooth muscle cells.
They are elongated, fusiform cells with a central, single elongated nucleus.
100
What diseases are commonly associated with muscle tissue disorders?
Diseases include muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and mitochondrial myopathy.
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MLT042 Human Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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