Unit 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology + Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A
A large enclosed space containing most visceral organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.
2
Q
What are retro-peritoneal organs?
A
Organs located behind the peritoneum, like the kidneys.
3
Q
What is an example of a retro-peritoneal organ?
A
The kidneys are the primary example of retro-peritoneal organs.
4
Q
What are the types of smaller body cavities?
A
Oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial cavities.
5
Q
What is the function of synovial cavities?
A
They contain synovial fluid in joints, allowing smooth movement.
6
Q
What is an oblique section in the context of body planes?
A
Cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes, rarely used for reference.
7
Q
How does viewing the body in sections enhance understanding of spatial relations?
A
It provides insight into internal positioning despite initially appearing odd.
8
Q
What defines a body plane?
A
An imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or an organ.
9
Q
What does a transverse view in MRI illustrate?
A
The distribution of organs within the cavity, showing anterior/lateral or medial/lateral perspectives.
10
Q
What is the function of the frontal (coronal) plane?
A
It separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
11
Q
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
A
The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions.
12
Q
What characterizes bilateral symmetry in the body?
A
Each half is a mirror image with paired organs; midline structures are unpaired.
13
Q
What does the transverse plane divide the body into?
A
It divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
14
Q
What are the divisions of the dorsal body cavity?
A
Divided into cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).
15
Q
What are the three most frequently used body planes?
A
Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.
16
Q
What surrounds the thoracic cavity, and what are its main divisions?
A
The thoracic cavity is surrounded by ribs and chest muscles; its main divisions are pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity.
17
Q
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity located, and what does it contain?
A
The abdominopelvic cavity lies below the diaphragm and contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities with various organs.
18
Q
What are the two layers of serous membranes, and their function?
A
The parietal and visceral serosa layers facilitate organ movement by providing lubrication via serous fluid.
19
Q
How are specific serous membranes named in the ventral cavity?
A
Serous membranes are named after the cavity they associate with, like pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.
20
Q
What is the appearance and function of serous cavities?
A
Serous cavities appear slit-like and contain serous fluid, allowing organs to slide with minimal friction.
21
Q
Why are inorganic mineral elements important for the body?
A
They are crucial for bodily functions and help in constructing millions of cells.
22
Q
What does the organ system level consist of?
A
The organ system level consists of ten organ systems working together to perform complex functions.
23
Q
Why is estimating the human body cell count important?
A
It helps in understanding biological functions and overall health.
24
Q
What role do minerals play in the nervous system?
A
Minerals are vital for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
25
What is the composition of organs at the organ level?
Organs are composed of different types of tissues that collaborate to perform specific tasks.
26
What are cells, and why are they important in biology?
Cells are the basic units of life, crucial for understanding biological functions and structures.
27
How do minerals contribute to cellular reactions?
They are essential for various cellular reactions that sustain life.
27
What is the basic unit of life in the human body?
Cells are the basic unit of life essential for biological processes.
28
How are tissues defined at the tissue level?
Tissues are defined by similar types of cells that perform a common function.
29
What is the basic component of the cellular level?
The cellular level is defined by cells, which consist of various molecules.
30
What role do tissue cells play in the body?
They maintain homeostasis, ensuring physiological processes operate smoothly.
31
What is the role of specific cells in the human body?
Specific cells are designed for distinct organs and tissues to perform specific functions.
32
In what way do minerals help maintain health?
Minerals help maintain water balance within the body, critical for overall health.
33
What is an element in chemistry?
An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
34
How are tissues formed, and what role do they play?
Tissues are formed from similar cells, working together to perform specific functions.
35
What are the fundamental units of life in Tibb?
Cells, which share similar temperament, structure, and function.
35
How does a human cell influence tissue and organ function?
A human cell determines the type, nature, and function of tissues and organs.
36
What is the significance of atoms at the chemical level?
Atoms combine to form molecules, which are essential for building cells, tissues, and organs.
37
What are the four fundamental elements of the human body?
Fire, Air, Water, and Earth.
37
What structural role do inorganic minerals have?
They contribute to structural systems, especially the skeletal system, providing strength.
38
What does the atomic number represent?
The atomic number indicates the number of protons unique to each element.
39
What is the relationship between organs and organ systems?
Organs are composed of different tissues and function together within organ systems for bodily maintenance.
40
How are tissues formed in the body?
Tissues are formed by the combination of similar cells working together.
40
What are the four primary types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue.
41
What is the role of phosphorus in energy production?
Phosphorus is crucial for ATP production, which generates energy for muscle contraction.
42
How does molecular structure influence compounds?
Molecular structure defines the specific form of a compound and its internal characteristics.
43
What qualities must be balanced in tissues for ideal functioning?
Tissues rely on a balance of heat, moistness, coldness, and dryness.
44
How much ATP does the body produce and recycle each hour?
The body produces and recycles approximately one kilogram of ATP every hour.
45
How do chemical properties of elements vary?
Chemical properties are influenced by an element's specific form, determined by atomic structure.
46
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
To transport blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.
47
What does the Biochemic System of Medicine focus on?
It emphasizes therapeutic applications of tissue salts for cellular nutrition
48
What are the main functions of muscle cells?
Muscle cells provide movement through contraction and relaxation.
49
What is the role of gonads in Tibb?
Gonads regulate the reproductive system and support foetal growth through optimal heat and moisture.
50
Why is the cellular level important in understanding body systems?
The cellular level helps us understand the functioning or malfunctioning of body systems.
51
What are the four basic elements that compose the human body?
Fire, Air, Water, and Earth.
52
How does homeostasis maintain a stable internal environment?
Through feedback mechanisms and regulatory systems that adapt to internal and external changes.
53
What type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movement in the heart?
Cardiac muscle is responsible for involuntary movement in the heart.
54
How is oxygen absorbed and transported in the human body?
Oxygen is absorbed in the lungs and carried by iron in red blood cells.
55
What elements make up the human body?
The human body consists of fire, air, water, and earth.
56
What is the primary composition of cells?
Cells are primarily composed of water and inorganic ions, vital for cell metabolism.
57
What are the main categories of tissues in the human body?
The main tissue categories are soft, hard, epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
58
What components of the body rely on molecular balance?
Nerves, muscles, bones, cartilage, connective tissue, skin, and mucous membranes.
59
What defines the structure and functions of living organisms?
The number, size, and type of identifiable cells.
60
How can facial diagnosis be used in health assessment?
It identifies deficiencies in cell salts, indicating potential health issues.
61
What are the functions of ectodermic, mesoderm, and endodermic tissues?
Ectoderm builds nerves, mesoderm builds muscles, and endoderm builds epithelial cells.
62
What do adipose cells store, and how do they function in the body?
Adipose cells store fat and reduce friction in body areas like buttocks.
63
What is negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?
A process that reduces the output or activity of a system, like temperature regulation.
64
What role does carbon play in the human body?
Carbon constitutes 23% of body mass and forms essential structures like DNA and proteins.
65
What role do ions play in cellular functions?
Ions are critical for cell metabolism and contribute to various aspects of cell function.
66
What determines the specific form of a compound?
The specific form is determined by the chemical combinations and internal structure of matter.
67
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
To house genetic information and contain DNA for protein synthesis.
68
What are the organic and inorganic constituents of blood?
Organic: sugar, fat, albumin; Inorganic: water, minerals (cell salts).
68
What can result from a disturbance in molecular equilibrium?
Abnormal conditions recognized as disease.
69
Why is understanding tissues and organ systems important?
It is crucial for understanding human health, disease, and responses to stimuli.
70
What concept is vital for the optimal functioning of cells?
Harmony between the internal and external environments, facilitated by 'Physis'.
71
Why is hydrogen important in the human body?
Hydrogen makes up 10% of body mass and is crucial as a component of water.
71
What are conductive cells and their primary function?
Conductive cells conduct electric impulses and include nerve and muscle cells.
72
What determines the specific form of a compound?
The specific form of a compound is determined by its molecular structure.
73
What type of energy do mitochondria generate?
ATP energy through the breakdown of glucose and fat.
74
What qualities are associated with Tibb's structural organization?
Heat, Moistness, Coldness, and Dryness.
75
What is the functional hierarchy of body structures?
Nerves provide sensation, glands supply nutrients, and muscles control movement in a structured hierarchy.
76
What determines the specific form of a compound?
The specific form of a compound is determined by its molecular structure.
77
What are the four fundamental elements of the human body?
Fire, Air, Water, and Earth serve as the basic units of compounds in the body.
78
What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?
Nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue.
79
How are the four classical elements related to the human body?
The basic constituents of the human body are derived from fire, air, water, and earth.
80
What is the significance of water for human health?
Water is vital for biochemical reactions and daily health requires about 2.5 liters.
81
How do bone cells contribute to the human body?
They form the skeletal system and support the body's framework.
82
What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, lining cavities, and gland formation.
83
What is the role of mineral salts in the body?
Mineral salts provide structural integrity and functional activity to organs and tissues.
84
Which elements account for 96% of the human body?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are the primary elements making up 96% of the body.
85
What are the four fundamental elements that compose the human body?
Fire, Air, Water, and Earth are the four fundamental elements.
85
What types of cells are found in the human body?
Supportive, reproductive, sensory, and ciliated cells each have distinct functions.
86
How does connective tissue contribute to the body?
It binds structures, provides protection, stores energy and minerals, and produces blood.
87
Which four basic elements compose the human body?
The human body is composed of fire, air, water, and earth.
87
What role do epithelial cells play in the body?
They form the covering layers of all organs, including the skin.
88
What are the four primary classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids.
89
What are the four fundamental elements that compose the human body?
Fire, Air, Water, and Earth.
90
Why are minerals considered crucial despite being present in small quantities?
Minerals utilize organic substances to construct millions of cells, making them vital for life.
91
How is the hierarchical organization of the body structured?
The body is organized as Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Body.
91
What is the main role of muscular tissue?
Force production through contraction and relaxation to enable movement.
92
What defines the structure and function of nervous tissue?
Composed of neurons for impulse transmission and accessory cells for support.
92
What is an atom and its role in the human body?
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in chemical reactions, forming elements and compounds.
93
What role does hydrogen play in the human body?
Hydrogen is essential for digestion and a component of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
94
What characterizes soft tissues in the human body?
Soft tissues connect and support structures; they include muscles, fat, nerves, and blood vessels.
95
What determines the specific form of a compound in the human body?
The specific form is determined by its molecular structure.
96
How do cells contribute to the structure of the human body?
Cells unite to form tissues, which combine to create organs, contributing to the body’s shape and function.
97
What are the levels of organisation in the human body?
The levels are cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.
98
What are the four basic elements that compose the human body?
Fire, Air, Water, and Earth.
99
How does nitrogen contribute to the human body?
Nitrogen is vital for DNA, hemoglobin, amino acids, and growth during pregnancy.
100
What is the basic unit of any tissue in the human body?
The human cell, which determines the type, nature, and function of tissue.
101
What percentage of the human body's mass is made up of oxygen?
Oxygen comprises 61% of the body's mass.
102
What is a tissue, and what is its function?
A tissue is an aggregation of similarly specialized cells performing a specific function.
103
How are tissues classified in terms of structural organization?
Tissues are situated between the cell and organ levels of organization.
104
What is the significance of water in the human body?
Water accounts for approximately 65% of total body mass and is essential for life.
105
What factors maintain the equilibrium essential for proper body function?
Molecular motion, structure of mineral salts, and water content.
106
What are the functions of calcium in the body?
Calcium aids in bone structure, cell division, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.
107
What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?
Nervous, Muscular, Epithelial, and Connective Tissue.
108
What is the primary function of hard tissues in the body?
Hard tissues, primarily bone, provide stiffness and support the body's skeletal structure.
109
How does Tibb relate the levels of organization in the human body?
It associates heat, moistness, coldness, and dryness with cells, tissues, organs, and the whole body.
110
How are organs formed in the human body?
Organs are formed from combinations of tissues made from similar cell types with shared functions.
111
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
To form myelin sheaths around some neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System.
112
Where are Schwann cells located?
Exclusively in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
113
How do myelinated neurons compare to non-myelinated neurons?
Myelinated neurons conduct electrical impulses faster than non-myelinated neurons.
114
What are neurons and what is their primary function?
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit signals, known as nerve impulses or action potentials.
115
What role do microglial cells play in the Central Nervous System?
They protect against disease by engulfing pathogens and promoting neuron regrowth after injury.
116
What is the primary role of nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue controls body movements and facilitates communication by sending and carrying signals.
117
What are neuroglia and their primary functions?
Neuroglia support neurons by supplying nutrients, removing dead cells, insulating neurons, and aiding synaptic connection formation.
118
What is macroglia?
A collective term for all types of neuroglia larger than microglial cells.
119
What distinguishes sensory neurons from motor neurons?
Sensory neurons relay information from the PNS to the CNS, while motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the PNS.
120
What are the two main components of nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia.
121
What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?
Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate blood flow in the CNS.
122
What is the primary role of astroglial cells?
Astrocytes provide nutrients, maintain ion balance, and remove excess neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
123
How do Schwann cells contribute to the PNS?
Schwann cells form the myelin sheath around PNS axons, aiding rapid electrical impulse conduction.
124
What are interneurons and why are they important?
Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons and are crucial for neural circuits and brain functions like decision-making.
125
What function do microglial cells serve in the CNS?
Microglial cells act as immune cells, responding to injury and disease in the CNS.
126
What distinguishes ependymal cells and their functions?
Ependymal cells form cerebrospinal fluid and assist its circulation, cushioning the brain and spinal cord.
127
What are the main components of a neuron?
A neuron consists of the soma, axon, and axon terminals, each with specific roles in signal transmission.
128
What is the significance of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes provide physical support and form the myelin sheath, enhancing electrical signal transmission speed.
129
How do neurotransmitters facilitate communication between neurons?
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals and bind to receptors on dendrites, enabling signal transmission across synapses.
130
How does the myelin sheath affect neuronal function?
The myelin sheath insulates axons, increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission along neurons.
131
What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?
The two subclasses are loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
132
What is the primary composition of areolar connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue is composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
133
Where is adipose connective tissue primarily located in the body?
It is found in a thick layer under the skin, around the kidneys, and in the buttocks.
134
What are the major functions of areolar connective tissue?
It acts as packing material, provides support, aids in defense against infection, and absorbs excess fluid.
134
What are adipocytes and their primary function?
Adipocytes are specialized cells responsible for storing triglycerides (fats).
135
Where is areolar connective tissue primarily located in the body?
It is found in the skin, around mucous membranes, and surrounding blood vessels and organs.
136
What distinguishes white adipose tissue from brown adipose tissue?
White adipose tissue is primarily for energy storage, while brown adipose tissue is involved in thermogenesis.
137
How does areolar connective tissue aid in inflammation?
It absorbs excess fluid during inflammation, leading to edema or swelling.
137
What is blood and what primary function does it serve?
Blood is a specialized connective tissue that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells.
137
What insulation role does adipose tissue provide?
Adipose tissue acts as an insulating layer, reducing heat loss through the skin.
138
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
The three main components are cells, fibers, and ground substance (matrix).
139
How does adipose tissue contribute to organ protection?
It provides mechanical protection and support for major organs, such as the kidneys.
140
What are the major functions of connective tissue?
Binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances.
141
What are the main components of blood?
Blood is composed of blood cells and plasma, a nonliving fluid.
142
What is the role of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
It combines ground substance and fibers to provide structural support.
143
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport oxygen throughout the body.
144
What types of fibers are found in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
145
What defines Dense Regular Connective Tissue (DRCT)?
DRCT is characterized by closely packed collagen fibers running in the same direction.
146
What are the main functions of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?
It provides tensile strength and connects different tissues, but has a poor blood supply.
147
What is the function of the ground substance (matrix) in connective tissue?
It acts as a molecular sieve, allowing substance transport between cells and blood.
148
What are the key components of lymphatic tissue?
Lymphatic tissue includes lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus, rich in lymphocytes.
149
How does Dense Irregular Connective Tissue differ from DRCT?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue has thicker, irregularly arranged collagen fibers for multidirectional strength.
150
What is cartilage and where can it be found in the body?
Cartilage is flexible connective tissue found in joints, rib cage, ear, nose, elbows, knees, ankles, and bronchial tubes.
151
What is White Adipose Tissue (WAT) primarily used for?
WAT serves as the primary site for lipid storage in the body.
152
What are the three main types of cartilage?
The three main types of cartilage are elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
153
Where is Elastic Connective Tissue commonly found?
Elastic Connective Tissue is found in arterial blood vessels and the walls of bronchial tubes.
154
How does lymph differ from blood plasma?
Lymph is similar to blood plasma but also transports fats and contains white blood cells.
155
How does the amount of WAT affect metabolism?
More WAT leads to a slower metabolism, while reducing WAT can increase metabolism.
156
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage provides strong support, shock absorption, and flexibility, found in embryonic skeleton and costal cartilages.
157
What is the primary characteristic of Elastic Connective Tissue?
It is made of elastic fibers that allow tissues to recoil after stretching.
158
What is fibrocartilage, and what are its primary properties?
Fibrocartilage is a blend of hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue, known for its compressibility and ability to resist tension.
159
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?
Elastic cartilage contains many yellow elastic fibers, providing greater flexibility and the ability to withstand repeated bending.
160
What is the primary function of Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)?
BAT primarily generates heat, crucial for newborns who can't shiver.
161
What causes joint pain related to cartilage as one ages?
Aging leads to wear and tear on cartilage, resulting in joint pain and swelling that may require surgical intervention.
162
Where is Reticular Connective Tissue commonly found?
It's located in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
163
Where can fibrocartilage be commonly found in the human body?
It is found in intervertebral discs and knee menisci.
164
What characterizes the structure of Reticular Connective Tissue?
It consists of branching threads and fragile reticular fibers forming a fibrous meshwork.
165
What are the key features of bone tissue?
Bone is hard, lightweight, composed of calcium phosphate, with high compressive strength but poor tensile and shear strength.
166
What defines trabecular bone and its advantages?
Trabecular bone has a porous structure, making bones lighter and providing space for blood vessels and marrow.
167
What is the structural characteristic of compact bone tissue?
Compact bone tissue forms a hard outer layer with minimal gaps, comprising about 80% of an adult skeleton's total bone mass.
168
What types of muscle tissue are recognized in the human body?
The three types are Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle Tissue.
169
What characterizes skeletal muscle tissue under a microscope?
It has a striated appearance with light and dark bands.
170
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle tissue?
It is responsible for pumping blood through the heart.
171
How do intercalated discs contribute to cardiac muscle function?
They interconnect cardiac muscle fibers, facilitating coordinated contractions.
172
What unique structural feature does skeletal muscle possess?
Skeletal muscle is long, cylindrical and has multiple nuclei at the edges.
173
What distinguishes smooth muscle tissue from skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue in terms of structure?
Smooth muscle is non-striated, with small, tapered fibers and a single, centrally located nucleus.
174
What are the primary functions of smooth muscle tissue?
It constricts vessels, aids in digestion, moves fluids, and eliminates indigestible matter.
175
How does skeletal muscle differ from cardiac muscle in terms of control and structure?
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, while cardiac muscle is involuntary and also striated.
176
Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
Cardiac muscle is found only in the wall of the heart.
177
What are the specific locations where smooth muscle tissue can be found?
It is located in blood vessels, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and lung airways.
