UNIT 2 - Sensation Flashcards
1
Q
What is the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated?
A
Sensation
2
Q
What are the five senses?
A
- Visual
- Auditory
- Olfactory
- Gustatory
- Tactile
3
Q
What are the five sense organs?
A
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Skin
- Taste buds
4
Q
Sensory receptors stimulated by light
A
Receptors in the eye
5
Q
Sensory receptors stimulated by vibrations
A
Receptors in the ears
6
Q
A
6
Q
Sensory receptors stimulated by pressure or temperature
A
Touch receptors
7
Q
Sensory receptors stimulated by chemical substances
A
Taste and smell
8
Q
What is the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity?
A
Transduction
9
Q
What is the condition in which signals from various sensory organs are processed differently?
A
Synesthesia
10
Q
It means no sensation
A
Anesthesia
11
Q
It means joined sensation
A
Synesthesia
12
Q
This is a neurological phenomenon that couples two or more senses in 4% - 5% of the population
A
Synesthesia
13
Q
This is when you see written elements of language (letters, numerals, punctuation marks) as saturated with color or even have personalities
A
Graphemes
14
Q
This is the sound units of language that triggers synesthetic tastes (e.g. college tastes like sausage)
A
Phonemes
15
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Synesthesia is a disorder in which you couple two senses together.
A
FALSE. Synesthesia is NOT A DISORDER, but rather a trait
16
Q
TRUE or FALSE: In synesthesia, the pairings of two senses may change as you grow older.
A
FALSE. Once it is established in childhood, the pairings remain fixed for life
17
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Synesthesia is a result of a single nucleotide changing in the sequence of one’s DNA
A
TRUE
18
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Inwardly, we are all synesthetes
A
TRUE
19
Q
These are specialized form of neurons
A
Sensory Receptors
20
Q
These are cells that make up the nervous system
A
Neurons
21
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Sensory receptors are stimulated by different kinds of energy like light, vibrations, pressure, temperature, and chemical substances
A
TRUE
22
Q
Who formulated the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?
A
Ernst Weber
23
Q
He conducted studies trying to determine the smallest difference between two weights that could be detected
A
Ernst Weber
24
This law states that the difference threshold is a constant proportion of the specific stimulus
Weber's Law
25
According to this law, senses vary in their sensitivity to changes in stimulation
Weber's Law
26
What is another term for Just Noticeable Difference?
difference threshold
27
The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time it is present
Just Noticeable Difference
28
This simply means that whatever the difference between stimuli might be, it is always constant
Weber's Law / Just Noticeable Difference
29
TRUE or FALSE: JND is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 75% of the time it is present
FALSE, 50%
30
Who formulated the Absolute Threshold?
Gustav Fechner
31
This is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present
Absolute Threshold
32
What is the absolute threshold for the VISUAL sense or the sense of SIGHT?
A candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night
33
What is the absolute threshold for the AUDITORY sense or the sense of HEARING?
The tick of a mechanical watch 20 feet away in a quiet room
34
What is the absolute threshold for the OLFACTORY sense or the sense of SMELL?
One drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment
35
What is the absolute threshold for the GUSTATORY sense or the sense of TASTE?
1 teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
36
What is the absolute threshold for the TACTILE sense or the sense of TOUCH?
A bee's wing falling on the cheek from 1centimeter above
37
These are stimuli below the level of conscious awareness
subliminal stimuli
38
This means "threshold"
limin
39
What does sublimin means?
below the threshold
40
This is the process when stimuli act n the unconscious mind, influencing the behavior of a person
subliminal perception
41
What do researchers use to verify the existence of subliminal perception and associated learning in the laboratory?
- Even-related potentials (ERPs)
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
42
This theory is used to compare our judgements, or decisions we make, under uncertain conditions
Signal Detection Theory
43
This provides a method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions under uncertain conditions
Signal Detection Theory
44
The ability to detect any physical stimulus is based on how strong it is and how mentally and physically prepared the individual is
Signal Detection Theory
45
Stimulus = present
Individual's Response = "stimulus is present"
Hit
46
Stimulus = present
Individual's Response = "stimulus is absent"
Miss
47
Stimulus = absent
Individual's Response = "stimulus is present"
False alarm
48
Stimulus = absent
Individual's Response = "stimulus is absent"
Correct rejection
49
This is the tendency of he brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information
Habituation
50
TRUE or FALSE: In habituation, the sensory receptors are not responding to the constant and unchanging stimulation
FALSE. The sensory receptors are still responding to the stimulation
51
TRUE or FALSE: In habituation, the sensory receptors are still responding to stimulation, but the lower centers of the brain are not sending signals to the cortex
TRUE
52
This process occurs in response to repeated exposures
Habituation
53
TRUE or FALSE: Habituation leads to NO response
FALSE. Habituation leads to REDUCED response
54
TRUE or FALSE: Habituation can be controlled consciously
TRUE
55
This is the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
Sensory adaptation
56
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
Unchanging information from the sensory receptors is effectively ignored
Sensory adaptation
57
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
This process occurs in the body
Habituation
58
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
This process occurs in the brain
Sensory Adaptation
59
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
In this process, the receptor cells themselves become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus, and no longer send signals to the brain
Sensory adaptation
60
This involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells
a. Sublimination
b. Perception
c. Sensation
d. Adaptation
c. Sensation
61
The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present is called _
absolute threshold
62
Jami loves swimming. When she first dives into the pool, the water seems cold. However, it doesn't feel cold after staying in the water for sometime. What is a likely explanation for this?
a. sensory adaptation
b. transduction
c. habituation
d. sublimation
a. sensory adaptation
63
Evana loves to play games on her laptop. But whenever she plays, her laptop's fan spin up and emit a loud sound. Fortunately, when Evana is focusing on the game, she cannot hear the noise. This is due to_
a. sensory adaptation
b. sublimation
c. habituation
d. perceptual defense
c. habituation
64
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
Response to drugs
Habituation
65
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
Adapting to hot or cold water after a brief time in it
Sensory adaptation
66
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
This occurs in response to continuous exposure
Sensory adaptation
67
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
We no longer respond to our favorite food as when we first "loved" it
Habituation
68
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
Reduced response to something that used to elicit a stronger response
Habituation
69
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
Affects sensory receptors
Sensory adaptation
70
HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:
The eyes adjusting to a darker room - rods and cones will fire differently to adjust
Sensory adaptation
71
What are the SEVEN different types of sensation?
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Gustatory
4. Olfactory
5. Somesthetic
6. Kinesthetic
7. Vestibular
72
Who proposed that light is actually tiny "packets" of waves?
Albert Einstein
73
What do you call the "wave packets" that have specific wavelengths to them?
photons
74
Three aspects of light perception
- brightness
- color
- saturation
75
This aspect of light is determined by the amplitude of the wave or how high or how low the wave actually is
Brightness
76
TRUE or FALSE: The lower the wave of light is, the brighter the light appears to be.
FALSE. The higher the wave of light is, the brighter the light appears to be.
77
TRUE or FALSE: The higher the wave of light is, the dimmer the light appears to be.
FALSE. The lower the wave of light is, the dimmer the light appears to be.
78
Also called hue
Color
79
This aspect of light is largely determined by the length of the wave
Color
80
TRUE or FALSE: Shorter wavelengths are found at the red end of the visible sprectrum
FALSE.
Shorter wavelengths = blue end
Longer wavelengths = red end
81
What is the unit of measurement in measuring the wavelength in the visible spectrum?
Nanometer (Nm)
82
This is the portion of the whole spectrum of light visible to the human eye
Visible Spectrum
83
This aspect of light refers to the purity of the color people perceive
Saturation
84
TRUE or FALSE: A highly saturated red would contain a mixture of wavelengths.
FALSE
Highly saturated = contain only the SAME wavelength (e.g. only red for highly saturated red)
Less-saturated = contain a MIXTURE of wavelengths
85
Which cortex will the LEFT visual field send signals to?
Right visual cortex
86
Which cortex will the RIGHT visual field send signals to?
Left visual cortex
87
Innermost layer of the eye, where the incoming light is converted into nerve impulses
Retina
88
This contains the photoreceptor cells
Retina
89
Jelly-like liquid that nourishes and gives shape to the eye
Vitreous humor
90
Colored area of the eye containing muscles that control the pupil
Iris
91
Clear liquid that nourishes the eye
Aqueous humor
92
Opening in the center of the iris that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment
Pupil
93
Curved, transparent dome that bends incoming light waves so the image can be focused on the retina
Cornea
94
Transparent disc that changes shape to bring objects into focus
Lens
95
One of the six surrounding muscles that rotate the eye in all directions
Eye muscle
96
Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain
Optic nerve
97
Also called optic disc
Blind spot
98
This is where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Blind spot
99
Structure of the eye that DO NOT contain any photoreceptor cells
Blind spot
100
Where does light enter in the eye?
Cornea and pupil
101
This controls the size of the pupil
Iris
102
From the pupil, light passes through the _ to the _
lens, retina
103
This is where light is transformed into nerve impulses
retina
104
The nerve impulses travels to the _ along the _
brain, optic nerve
105
Process of light sensation
Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The iris controls the size of the pupil. From the pupil, light passes through the lens to the retina, where it is transformed into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the brain along the optic nerve
106
TRUE or FALSE: To see clearly, a single point of light from a source or reflected from an object must travel through the structures of the eye and end up on the retina as a single point
TRUE
107
This happens when light waves bends as it travels through two different media
Refraction
108
TRUE or FALSE: The disparities in densities between the two materials is what lead to the bending in refraction
TRUE
109
This is a clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye
Cornea
110
This protects the eye and focuses most of the light coming into the eye
Cornea
111
These procedures are used by ophthalmologists wherein they remove small portions of the cornea, changing its curvature, and thus the focus in the eye.
- Photoreactive Keratectomy (PPK)
- Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
112
The next visual layer after the cornea
Aqueous humor
113
This visual layer is a clear and watery fluid
Aqueous humor
114
This is continuously replenished and supplies nourishment to the eye
Aqueous humor
115
This is a hole wherein light from the visual image enters the interior of the eye
Pupil
116
This is a round muscle which contains the pupil
Iris
117
TRUE or FALSE: The iris can change the size of the pupil, letting more or less light into the eye
TRUE
118
This clear structure of the eye is located behind the iris, suspended by muscles
Lens
119
This helps in finishing the focusing process started by the cornea
Flexible lens
120
This is the process in which the lens changes its shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away
Visual accommodation
121
This is the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close
Visual accommodation
122
This is a disorder where people lose their ability for visual accommodation as the lens hardens through aging
Presbyopia
123
A person with this disorder still has the ability for visual accommodation, but the shape of the eye causes the focal point to fall short of the retina
Nearsightedness / myopia
124
Another term for nearsightedness
myopia
125
This is an eye disorder where the focus point is beyond the retina.
farsightedness / hyperopia
126
Another term for farsightedness
hyperopia
127
What are some devices or procedures that can be done to correct issues in the eyes?
Glasses
Contacts
LASIK
PPK
128
Once past the lens, light passes through a large, open space filled with a clear, jelly-like fluid called the _
Vitreous humor
129
This fluid nourishes the eye and gives it shape
Vitreous humor
130
The final stop for light within the eye.
Retina
131
This is a light-sensitive area at the back of the eye
Retina
132
Three layers of the Retina
- ganglion cells
- bipolar cells
- rods and cones
133
These are specialized receptor cells (photoreceptors) that respond to the various wavelengths of light
rods and cones
134
Responsible for absorbing and processing light information
Retina
135
These are the business end of the retina
rods and cones
136
These receive the photons of light and turn them into neural signals for the brain
Rods and Cones
137
This is a type of interneuron that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon on the other
Bipolar cells
138
The axons of these cells form the optic nerve
Ganglion cells
139
How many cones are there in each eye?
6 million
140
This are is where cones are more concentrated
Fovea
141
TRUE or FALSE: There are no rods in the fovea
TRUE
142
The area in the retina where axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit from the eye to form the optic nerve
Blind spot
143
This area of the eye is insensitive to light
Blind spot
144
This happens when retina / light-sensitive cells are not triggered
Blind Spot
145
These are visual receptors for visual acuity or the ability to see fine details
Cones
146
TRUE or FALSE: Rods require more light than cones do
FALSE. Cones require more light than rods do
147
This visual receptor works best in bright light, which is also when people see things most clearly
Cones
148
This visual receptor is sensitive to different wavelengths of light
Cones
149
Visual receptor responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
Cones
150
Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina
Cones and Rods
151
Visual sensory receptor that is found all over the retina except the fovea
Rods
152
Where are rods most concentrated?
periphery
153
Visual sensory receptor responsible for peripheral vision
Rods
154
Light entering the eye separated into left and right visual fields. Information from the visual fields goes to the _
contralateral visual cortex
155
This occurs as the eye recovers its ability to see when going from a brightly lit state to a dark state
Dark Adaptation
156
The recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
Light Adaptation
157
TRUE or FALSE: Light adaptation occurs more rapidly than dark adaptation
TRUE
158
Which visual sensory receptor is responsible in the process of dark adaptation?
rods
159
Which visual sensory receptor is responsible in the process of light adaptation?
cones
160
This visual sensory receptor is responsible for non color sensitivity to low levels of light
Dark
161
"Three colors"
Trichromatic
162
This theory proposes that there are three types of cones
Trichromatic Theory
163
What are the three types of cones according to the Trichromatic theory?
Red, blue, green
164
Who first propose the Trichromatic Theory?
Thomas Young
165
When did Thomas Young first proposed the Trichromatic Theory?
1802
166
Who later modified the Trichromatic Theory?
Hermann von Helmholtz
167
When did Hermann von Helmholtz modified the Trichromatic Theory?
1852
168
In this theory, different shades of colors correspond to different amounts of light received by each of these three types of cones
Trichromatic Theory
169
This theory proposes that visual neurons (or group of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color
Opponent-process Theory
170
This theory explains why we see afterimages
Opponent-process Theory
171
These occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removes
Afterimages
172
Who first suggested the Opponent-process Theory?
Edwald Hering
173
What year was the Opponent-process Theory first suggested?
1874
174
What are the four primary colors in Opponent-process Theory?
Red, green, yellow, blue
175
What is the opponent of RED in Opponent-process Theory?
Green
176
What is the opponent of WHITE in Opponent-process Theory?
Black
177
What is the opponent of YELLOW in Opponent-process Theory?
Blue
178
TYPES OF COLOR-DEFICIENT VISION
Color blindness
Dichromatic vision
Monochromatic vision
179
In this color-deficiency vision, people see no color at all, only shades of light and dark
Monochromatic vision
180
What do you call people with monochromatic vision?
Monochromats
181
In this color-deficiency vision, people have one cone that is not working properly. People with this type of vision only see the world with combinations of two cones or colors
Dichromatic Vision
182
Another name for monochromatic vision
achromatopsia
183
These people are blind to either red-green or blue-yellow
Dichromats
184
In color-deficient vision, color perception is limited to combinations of two cones or color (to yellows/blues or reds/greens)
Color blindness
185
Three types of color-blindness
Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Tritanopia
186
This type of color-blindness is linked to red cone cells not working properly
Protanopia
187
This type of color-blindness is caused by deficient functioning of green cone cells
Deuteronopia
188
This type of color-blindness is tied to a lack of blue cone cells
Tritanopia
189
Which of the following is largely determined by the length of a light wave?
a. brightness
b. color
c. saturation
d. duration
b. color
190
Aside from the lens, damage to the _ can affect the eye's ability to focus light.
a. retina
b. iris
c. pupil
d. cornea
d. cornea
191
In farsightedness, also known as _, the focal point is _ the retina.
a. presbyopia, above
b. hyperopia, beyond
c. myopia, below
d. presbyopia, in front of
b. hyperopia, beyond
192
Pami stares at a lined piece of paper to his left using only his right eye. After a while, he notices a spot on the paper where the lines disappear. This is due to the presence of a _
a. blind spot
b. optic chiasm
c. fovea
d. iris
a. blind spot
193
TRUE or FALSE: Sound waves are just like light waves that come in little packets
FALSE
194
These are simply vibrations of the molecules of the air that surround us
Sound waves
195
What are the three properties of sound waves?
Wavelength
Amplitude
Purity
196
What are the three properties of sound?
Pitch
Amplitude
Timbre
197
This property of sound refers to its frequency (high, medium, low)
Pitch
198
This property of sound refers to the volume or how soft or loud sound is
Amplitude
199
This property of sound refers to the richness in the tone of the sound
Timbre
200
This is measured in cycles (waves) per second, or hertz (Hz)
Frequency
201
Human limits in terms of frequency of sound
between 20 and 20,000 Hz
202
What is the cycles or waves per second, and is also the unit of measurement for frequency?
Hertz (Hz)
203
TRUE or FALSE: The higher the sound wave, the softer the sound
FALSE.
The higher the sound wave, the louder the sound.
The lower the sound wave, the softer the sound
204
TRUE or FALSE: If the sound waves are close together in time (high frequency), the pitch will be perceived as low pitch.
FALSE.
If the sound waves are close together in time (high frequency), the pitch will be perceived as high pitch.
If the sound waves are farther apart (low frequency), the pitch will be perceived as low pitch.
205
This is the visible and external part of the ear.
Pinna
206
This part of the ear serves as a kind of concentrator that funnels the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ear.
Pinna
207
