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ITP Unit 1 > UNIT 2 - Sensation > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What are the five senses?

A
  1. Visual
  2. Auditory
  3. Olfactory
  4. Gustatory
  5. Tactile
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3
Q

What are the five sense organs?

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Ears
  3. Nose
  4. Skin
  5. Taste buds
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4
Q

Sensory receptors stimulated by light

A

Receptors in the eye

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5
Q

Sensory receptors stimulated by vibrations

A

Receptors in the ears

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6
Q
A
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6
Q

Sensory receptors stimulated by pressure or temperature

A

Touch receptors

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7
Q

Sensory receptors stimulated by chemical substances

A

Taste and smell

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8
Q

What is the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity?

A

Transduction

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9
Q

What is the condition in which signals from various sensory organs are processed differently?

A

Synesthesia

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10
Q

It means no sensation

A

Anesthesia

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11
Q

It means joined sensation

A

Synesthesia

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12
Q

This is a neurological phenomenon that couples two or more senses in 4% - 5% of the population

A

Synesthesia

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13
Q

This is when you see written elements of language (letters, numerals, punctuation marks) as saturated with color or even have personalities

A

Graphemes

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14
Q

This is the sound units of language that triggers synesthetic tastes (e.g. college tastes like sausage)

A

Phonemes

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Synesthesia is a disorder in which you couple two senses together.

A

FALSE. Synesthesia is NOT A DISORDER, but rather a trait

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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In synesthesia, the pairings of two senses may change as you grow older.

A

FALSE. Once it is established in childhood, the pairings remain fixed for life

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Synesthesia is a result of a single nucleotide changing in the sequence of one’s DNA

A

TRUE

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Inwardly, we are all synesthetes

A

TRUE

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19
Q

These are specialized form of neurons

A

Sensory Receptors

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20
Q

These are cells that make up the nervous system

A

Neurons

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21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Sensory receptors are stimulated by different kinds of energy like light, vibrations, pressure, temperature, and chemical substances

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Who formulated the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?

A

Ernst Weber

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23
Q

He conducted studies trying to determine the smallest difference between two weights that could be detected

A

Ernst Weber

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24
Q

This law states that the difference threshold is a constant proportion of the specific stimulus

A

Weber’s Law

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25
Q

According to this law, senses vary in their sensitivity to changes in stimulation

A

Weber’s Law

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26
Q

What is another term for Just Noticeable Difference?

A

difference threshold

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27
Q

The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time it is present

A

Just Noticeable Difference

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28
Q

This simply means that whatever the difference between stimuli might be, it is always constant

A

Weber’s Law / Just Noticeable Difference

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29
Q

TRUE or FALSE: JND is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 75% of the time it is present

A

FALSE, 50%

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30
Q

Who formulated the Absolute Threshold?

A

Gustav Fechner

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31
Q

This is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present

A

Absolute Threshold

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32
Q

What is the absolute threshold for the VISUAL sense or the sense of SIGHT?

A

A candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night

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33
Q

What is the absolute threshold for the AUDITORY sense or the sense of HEARING?

A

The tick of a mechanical watch 20 feet away in a quiet room

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34
Q

What is the absolute threshold for the OLFACTORY sense or the sense of SMELL?

A

One drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment

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35
Q

What is the absolute threshold for the GUSTATORY sense or the sense of TASTE?

A

1 teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water

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36
Q

What is the absolute threshold for the TACTILE sense or the sense of TOUCH?

A

A bee’s wing falling on the cheek from 1centimeter above

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37
Q

These are stimuli below the level of conscious awareness

A

subliminal stimuli

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38
Q

This means “threshold”

A

limin

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39
Q

What does sublimin means?

A

below the threshold

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40
Q

This is the process when stimuli act n the unconscious mind, influencing the behavior of a person

A

subliminal perception

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41
Q

What do researchers use to verify the existence of subliminal perception and associated learning in the laboratory?

A
  • Even-related potentials (ERPs)
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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42
Q

This theory is used to compare our judgements, or decisions we make, under uncertain conditions

A

Signal Detection Theory

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43
Q

This provides a method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions under uncertain conditions

A

Signal Detection Theory

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44
Q

The ability to detect any physical stimulus is based on how strong it is and how mentally and physically prepared the individual is

A

Signal Detection Theory

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45
Q

Stimulus = present
Individual’s Response = “stimulus is present”

A

Hit

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46
Q

Stimulus = present
Individual’s Response = “stimulus is absent”

A

Miss

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47
Q

Stimulus = absent
Individual’s Response = “stimulus is present”

A

False alarm

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48
Q

Stimulus = absent
Individual’s Response = “stimulus is absent”

A

Correct rejection

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49
Q

This is the tendency of he brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

A

Habituation

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50
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In habituation, the sensory receptors are not responding to the constant and unchanging stimulation

A

FALSE. The sensory receptors are still responding to the stimulation

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51
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In habituation, the sensory receptors are still responding to stimulation, but the lower centers of the brain are not sending signals to the cortex

A

TRUE

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52
Q

This process occurs in response to repeated exposures

A

Habituation

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53
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Habituation leads to NO response

A

FALSE. Habituation leads to REDUCED response

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54
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Habituation can be controlled consciously

A

TRUE

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55
Q

This is the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

A

Sensory adaptation

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56
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

Unchanging information from the sensory receptors is effectively ignored

A

Sensory adaptation

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57
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

This process occurs in the body

A

Habituation

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58
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

This process occurs in the brain

A

Sensory Adaptation

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59
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

In this process, the receptor cells themselves become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus, and no longer send signals to the brain

A

Sensory adaptation

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60
Q

This involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells

a. Sublimination
b. Perception
c. Sensation
d. Adaptation

A

c. Sensation

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61
Q

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present is called _

A

absolute threshold

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62
Q

Jami loves swimming. When she first dives into the pool, the water seems cold. However, it doesn’t feel cold after staying in the water for sometime. What is a likely explanation for this?

a. sensory adaptation
b. transduction
c. habituation
d. sublimation

A

a. sensory adaptation

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63
Q

Evana loves to play games on her laptop. But whenever she plays, her laptop’s fan spin up and emit a loud sound. Fortunately, when Evana is focusing on the game, she cannot hear the noise. This is due to_

a. sensory adaptation
b. sublimation
c. habituation
d. perceptual defense

A

c. habituation

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64
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

Response to drugs

A

Habituation

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65
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

Adapting to hot or cold water after a brief time in it

A

Sensory adaptation

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66
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

This occurs in response to continuous exposure

A

Sensory adaptation

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67
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

We no longer respond to our favorite food as when we first “loved” it

A

Habituation

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68
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

Reduced response to something that used to elicit a stronger response

A

Habituation

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69
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

Affects sensory receptors

A

Sensory adaptation

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70
Q

HABITUATION or SENSORY ADAPTATION:

The eyes adjusting to a darker room - rods and cones will fire differently to adjust

A

Sensory adaptation

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71
Q

What are the SEVEN different types of sensation?

A
  1. Visual
  2. Auditory
  3. Gustatory
  4. Olfactory
  5. Somesthetic
  6. Kinesthetic
  7. Vestibular
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72
Q

Who proposed that light is actually tiny “packets” of waves?

A

Albert Einstein

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73
Q

What do you call the “wave packets” that have specific wavelengths to them?

A

photons

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74
Q

Three aspects of light perception

A
  • brightness
  • color
  • saturation
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75
Q

This aspect of light is determined by the amplitude of the wave or how high or how low the wave actually is

A

Brightness

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76
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The lower the wave of light is, the brighter the light appears to be.

A

FALSE. The higher the wave of light is, the brighter the light appears to be.

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77
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The higher the wave of light is, the dimmer the light appears to be.

A

FALSE. The lower the wave of light is, the dimmer the light appears to be.

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78
Q

Also called hue

A

Color

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79
Q

This aspect of light is largely determined by the length of the wave

A

Color

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80
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Shorter wavelengths are found at the red end of the visible sprectrum

A

FALSE.
Shorter wavelengths = blue end
Longer wavelengths = red end

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81
Q

What is the unit of measurement in measuring the wavelength in the visible spectrum?

A

Nanometer (Nm)

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82
Q

This is the portion of the whole spectrum of light visible to the human eye

A

Visible Spectrum

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83
Q

This aspect of light refers to the purity of the color people perceive

A

Saturation

84
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A highly saturated red would contain a mixture of wavelengths.

A

FALSE

Highly saturated = contain only the SAME wavelength (e.g. only red for highly saturated red)

Less-saturated = contain a MIXTURE of wavelengths

85
Q

Which cortex will the LEFT visual field send signals to?

A

Right visual cortex

86
Q

Which cortex will the RIGHT visual field send signals to?

A

Left visual cortex

87
Q

Innermost layer of the eye, where the incoming light is converted into nerve impulses

A

Retina

88
Q

This contains the photoreceptor cells

A

Retina

89
Q

Jelly-like liquid that nourishes and gives shape to the eye

A

Vitreous humor

90
Q

Colored area of the eye containing muscles that control the pupil

A

Iris

91
Q

Clear liquid that nourishes the eye

A

Aqueous humor

92
Q

Opening in the center of the iris that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment

A

Pupil

93
Q

Curved, transparent dome that bends incoming light waves so the image can be focused on the retina

A

Cornea

94
Q

Transparent disc that changes shape to bring objects into focus

A

Lens

95
Q

One of the six surrounding muscles that rotate the eye in all directions

A

Eye muscle

96
Q

Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

A

Optic nerve

97
Q

Also called optic disc

A

Blind spot

98
Q

This is where the optic nerve leaves the eye

A

Blind spot

99
Q

Structure of the eye that DO NOT contain any photoreceptor cells

A

Blind spot

100
Q

Where does light enter in the eye?

A

Cornea and pupil

101
Q

This controls the size of the pupil

A

Iris

102
Q

From the pupil, light passes through the _ to the _

A

lens, retina

103
Q

This is where light is transformed into nerve impulses

A

retina

104
Q

The nerve impulses travels to the _ along the _

A

brain, optic nerve

105
Q

Process of light sensation

A

Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The iris controls the size of the pupil. From the pupil, light passes through the lens to the retina, where it is transformed into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the brain along the optic nerve

106
Q

TRUE or FALSE: To see clearly, a single point of light from a source or reflected from an object must travel through the structures of the eye and end up on the retina as a single point

A

TRUE

107
Q

This happens when light waves bends as it travels through two different media

A

Refraction

108
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The disparities in densities between the two materials is what lead to the bending in refraction

A

TRUE

109
Q

This is a clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye

A

Cornea

110
Q

This protects the eye and focuses most of the light coming into the eye

A

Cornea

111
Q

These procedures are used by ophthalmologists wherein they remove small portions of the cornea, changing its curvature, and thus the focus in the eye.

A
  • Photoreactive Keratectomy (PPK)
  • Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
112
Q

The next visual layer after the cornea

A

Aqueous humor

113
Q

This visual layer is a clear and watery fluid

A

Aqueous humor

114
Q

This is continuously replenished and supplies nourishment to the eye

A

Aqueous humor

115
Q

This is a hole wherein light from the visual image enters the interior of the eye

A

Pupil

116
Q

This is a round muscle which contains the pupil

A

Iris

117
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The iris can change the size of the pupil, letting more or less light into the eye

A

TRUE

118
Q

This clear structure of the eye is located behind the iris, suspended by muscles

A

Lens

119
Q

This helps in finishing the focusing process started by the cornea

A

Flexible lens

120
Q

This is the process in which the lens changes its shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away

A

Visual accommodation

121
Q

This is the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close

A

Visual accommodation

122
Q

This is a disorder where people lose their ability for visual accommodation as the lens hardens through aging

A

Presbyopia

123
Q

A person with this disorder still has the ability for visual accommodation, but the shape of the eye causes the focal point to fall short of the retina

A

Nearsightedness / myopia

124
Q

Another term for nearsightedness

A

myopia

125
Q

This is an eye disorder where the focus point is beyond the retina.

A

farsightedness / hyperopia

126
Q

Another term for farsightedness

A

hyperopia

127
Q

What are some devices or procedures that can be done to correct issues in the eyes?

A

Glasses
Contacts
LASIK
PPK

128
Q

Once past the lens, light passes through a large, open space filled with a clear, jelly-like fluid called the _

A

Vitreous humor

129
Q

This fluid nourishes the eye and gives it shape

A

Vitreous humor

130
Q

The final stop for light within the eye.

A

Retina

131
Q

This is a light-sensitive area at the back of the eye

A

Retina

132
Q

Three layers of the Retina

A
  • ganglion cells
  • bipolar cells
  • rods and cones
133
Q

These are specialized receptor cells (photoreceptors) that respond to the various wavelengths of light

A

rods and cones

134
Q

Responsible for absorbing and processing light information

A

Retina

135
Q

These are the business end of the retina

A

rods and cones

136
Q

These receive the photons of light and turn them into neural signals for the brain

A

Rods and Cones

137
Q

This is a type of interneuron that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon on the other

A

Bipolar cells

138
Q

The axons of these cells form the optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

139
Q

How many cones are there in each eye?

A

6 million

140
Q

This are is where cones are more concentrated

A

Fovea

141
Q

TRUE or FALSE: There are no rods in the fovea

A

TRUE

142
Q

The area in the retina where axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit from the eye to form the optic nerve

A

Blind spot

143
Q

This area of the eye is insensitive to light

A

Blind spot

144
Q

This happens when retina / light-sensitive cells are not triggered

A

Blind Spot

145
Q

These are visual receptors for visual acuity or the ability to see fine details

A

Cones

146
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Rods require more light than cones do

A

FALSE. Cones require more light than rods do

147
Q

This visual receptor works best in bright light, which is also when people see things most clearly

A

Cones

148
Q

This visual receptor is sensitive to different wavelengths of light

A

Cones

149
Q

Visual receptor responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

A

Cones

150
Q

Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina

A

Cones and Rods

151
Q

Visual sensory receptor that is found all over the retina except the fovea

A

Rods

152
Q

Where are rods most concentrated?

A

periphery

153
Q

Visual sensory receptor responsible for peripheral vision

A

Rods

154
Q

Light entering the eye separated into left and right visual fields. Information from the visual fields goes to the _

A

contralateral visual cortex

155
Q

This occurs as the eye recovers its ability to see when going from a brightly lit state to a dark state

A

Dark Adaptation

156
Q

The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

A

Light Adaptation

157
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Light adaptation occurs more rapidly than dark adaptation

A

TRUE

158
Q

Which visual sensory receptor is responsible in the process of dark adaptation?

A

rods

159
Q

Which visual sensory receptor is responsible in the process of light adaptation?

A

cones

160
Q

This visual sensory receptor is responsible for non color sensitivity to low levels of light

A

Dark

161
Q

“Three colors”

A

Trichromatic

162
Q

This theory proposes that there are three types of cones

A

Trichromatic Theory

163
Q

What are the three types of cones according to the Trichromatic theory?

A

Red, blue, green

164
Q

Who first propose the Trichromatic Theory?

A

Thomas Young

165
Q

When did Thomas Young first proposed the Trichromatic Theory?

A

1802

166
Q

Who later modified the Trichromatic Theory?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

167
Q

When did Hermann von Helmholtz modified the Trichromatic Theory?

A

1852

168
Q

In this theory, different shades of colors correspond to different amounts of light received by each of these three types of cones

A

Trichromatic Theory

169
Q

This theory proposes that visual neurons (or group of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color

A

Opponent-process Theory

170
Q

This theory explains why we see afterimages

A

Opponent-process Theory

171
Q

These occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removes

A

Afterimages

172
Q

Who first suggested the Opponent-process Theory?

A

Edwald Hering

173
Q

What year was the Opponent-process Theory first suggested?

A

1874

174
Q

What are the four primary colors in Opponent-process Theory?

A

Red, green, yellow, blue

175
Q

What is the opponent of RED in Opponent-process Theory?

A

Green

176
Q

What is the opponent of WHITE in Opponent-process Theory?

A

Black

177
Q

What is the opponent of YELLOW in Opponent-process Theory?

A

Blue

178
Q

TYPES OF COLOR-DEFICIENT VISION

A

Color blindness
Dichromatic vision
Monochromatic vision

179
Q

In this color-deficiency vision, people see no color at all, only shades of light and dark

A

Monochromatic vision

180
Q

What do you call people with monochromatic vision?

A

Monochromats

181
Q

In this color-deficiency vision, people have one cone that is not working properly. People with this type of vision only see the world with combinations of two cones or colors

A

Dichromatic Vision

182
Q

Another name for monochromatic vision

A

achromatopsia

183
Q

These people are blind to either red-green or blue-yellow

A

Dichromats

184
Q

In color-deficient vision, color perception is limited to combinations of two cones or color (to yellows/blues or reds/greens)

A

Color blindness

185
Q

Three types of color-blindness

A

Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Tritanopia

186
Q

This type of color-blindness is linked to red cone cells not working properly

A

Protanopia

187
Q

This type of color-blindness is caused by deficient functioning of green cone cells

A

Deuteronopia

188
Q

This type of color-blindness is tied to a lack of blue cone cells

A

Tritanopia

189
Q

Which of the following is largely determined by the length of a light wave?

a. brightness
b. color
c. saturation
d. duration

A

b. color

190
Q

Aside from the lens, damage to the _ can affect the eye’s ability to focus light.

a. retina
b. iris
c. pupil
d. cornea

A

d. cornea

191
Q

In farsightedness, also known as _, the focal point is _ the retina.

a. presbyopia, above
b. hyperopia, beyond
c. myopia, below
d. presbyopia, in front of

A

b. hyperopia, beyond

192
Q

Pami stares at a lined piece of paper to his left using only his right eye. After a while, he notices a spot on the paper where the lines disappear. This is due to the presence of a _

a. blind spot
b. optic chiasm
c. fovea
d. iris

A

a. blind spot

193
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Sound waves are just like light waves that come in little packets

A

FALSE

194
Q

These are simply vibrations of the molecules of the air that surround us

A

Sound waves

195
Q

What are the three properties of sound waves?

A

Wavelength
Amplitude
Purity

196
Q

What are the three properties of sound?

A

Pitch
Amplitude
Timbre

197
Q

This property of sound refers to its frequency (high, medium, low)

A

Pitch

198
Q

This property of sound refers to the volume or how soft or loud sound is

A

Amplitude

199
Q

This property of sound refers to the richness in the tone of the sound

A

Timbre

200
Q

This is measured in cycles (waves) per second, or hertz (Hz)

A

Frequency

201
Q

Human limits in terms of frequency of sound

A

between 20 and 20,000 Hz

202
Q

What is the cycles or waves per second, and is also the unit of measurement for frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

203
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The higher the sound wave, the softer the sound

A

FALSE.

The higher the sound wave, the louder the sound.
The lower the sound wave, the softer the sound

204
Q

TRUE or FALSE: If the sound waves are close together in time (high frequency), the pitch will be perceived as low pitch.

A

FALSE.

If the sound waves are close together in time (high frequency), the pitch will be perceived as high pitch.

If the sound waves are farther apart (low frequency), the pitch will be perceived as low pitch.

205
Q

This is the visible and external part of the ear.

A

Pinna

206
Q

This part of the ear serves as a kind of concentrator that funnels the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ear.

A

Pinna

207
Q
A

ITP Unit 1 (2 decks)

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