UNIT 1 Flashcards
Who are the 3 theorists behind Gestalt Psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, & Kurt Koffka
Which modern perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?
Biopsychological
This goal of psychology involves HOW something can be CHANGED.
Control
This descriptive method is in lieu of actual behavior
Archival Research
Ethics committees are usually comprised of:
- Researchers
- Veterinarians
- Ethicists
- Members of Public
A deliberated manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationship
Experiment
This step of the Scientific Approach is discussing your findings and identifying whether they correlate positively or negatively with the hypothesis.
Report your results
States that behavior patterns learned in childhood are permanent and endure throughout the lifespan development of a person
Stability
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology; ___ explains that a person’s behavior is a product of genetics, while ____ is the sum of their experiences caused by environment & upbringing.
Nature; Nurture
This descriptive method is when respondents answer a series of questions and scores are compared with the norm. (ex. CETS, MBTI Test)
Standardized Tests
This descriptive method uses existing records to answer research questions instead of actual behavior. ( Ex. Wanting to study the behavior of a famous person who has passed away.)
Archival Research
This WAS a form of research method wherein one must come up with a logical explanation to understand one’s consciousness or its function
Objective Introspection
In this modern perspective, the fear of public speaking may be caused by cultural norms or societal roles.
Sociocultural Perspective
Which two areas of studies does the Sociocultural Perspective combines?
Social Psychology and Cultural Psychology
Type of research focused on adding information to the scientific knowledge base
Basic Research
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology; ___ explains the relationship between our mindset and how it contributes to our behavior.
Mind and Body
This Scientific Methodology is the deliberate manipulation of the IV in order to observe if it will take effect on the DV.
Experiment
Symbol for Null Hypothesis
=
Examples of Mental Processes
- Thinking
- Feeling
- Remembering
When you want to conduct
research on New Phenomenon, you may compare archival research with qualitative research.
Pilot Study
A tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
Hypothesis
When and where was the FIRST psychology lab established?
University of Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
Reanne is a farmer whose crop yield is not consistent. She believes that her crops don’t do well in the season of locusts, which are insects that eat and destroy crops. Her goal is clearly an example of which goal of psychology?
Prediction
When did Washburn published her book?
1908
TRUE or FALSE: It is alright to start a research study without consulting the research protocols to an independent committee.
FALSE
Research protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee prior to commencement
Study in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know if the participants are in the experimental or control group
Double-blind Study
This is the process of objectively examining one’s thoughts and mental activities. (ex. Students examining the structure of the human mind.)
Objective Introspection
Jan, a researcher, wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car but they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable?
a. the virtual car
b. texting
c. the number of virtual accidents
d. the group assignment
b. texting
First school in America to offer classes in Psychology
Harvard University
This is the tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results of the study
Experimenter effect
A form of hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference or relationship between two variables
Alternative Hypothesis
What is a disadvantage of Laboratory Observation?
A controlled setting may lead to unauthentic behavior.
What are the 4 Enduring Issues in Psychology?
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Stability vs. Change
- Diversity vs. Universality
- Mind-Body
TRUE or FALSE: Voluntary and informed consent is necessary
TRUE
It is a level of awareness and the state of being aware of external events.
consciousness
This professional is a medical doctor specializing in diagnosis, prescription, and treatment of psychological disorders.
Psychiatrist
Modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
Cognitive Perspective
These are participants who are
subjected to the independent variable.
Experimental Group
Evana believes that the earth is flat. Her friend shares plenty of evidence to convince her that the world is round, but Evana’s opinion doesn’t change. She made an error in which of the following criteria for critical thinking?
a. All evidence is not equal in quality
b. Critical thinking requires an open mind
c. Few “truths” do not need to be tested
d. Expertise doesn’t automatically make claims true
b. Critical thinking requires an open mind
What does the psychodynamic approach focus on?
Our behavior is from forces that were repressed in our unconscious level of awareness.
What are the FOUR ethical principles and guidelines according to The Belmont Report (1979)?
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
- Intergrity
TRUE or FALSE: The benefits to be gained from the research study should NOT outweigh the risks
FALSE
Risks should NOT outweigh the benefits
Who is the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Double-blind studies control for…
a. the placebo effect only
b. the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
c. the experimenter effect only
d. extrinsic motivation
b. the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
Modern perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
Biopsychological Perspective
Dr. Igor relies on treating patients with appropriate techniques based on a combination of several psychological perspectives. We can say that Dr. Igor is using the _ approach.
Eclectic
This descriptive method asks standardized, open-ended questions to a population or a randomly selected sample of participants.
Surveys
Everyone in the population must have the opportunity to become a respondent
Randomization
This step of the Scientific Approach is identifying whether there is or there isn’t a significant difference between the IV and DV.
Forming a hypothesis
What are the THREE R’s Principle of Animal Ethics?
- Replacement
- Reduction
- Refinement
TRUE or FALSE: Research in humans should be based on the results of laboratory and animal experimentations first
TRUE
In this modern perspective, a person may fear public behavior because they associate it with negative responses from the audience chuckling or the embarrassment they feel. (More likely to do things with positive reinforcement than negative)
Behavioral Perspective
They are best positioned in an ethics committee to identify and advocate social risks and benefits
Members of Public
Disadvantage of surveys?
People answering may not always say the truth or have a bias.
Which early psychologist was the first to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship thus be close to complete randomness?
a. -0.98
b. +1.04
c. -0.89
d. +0.01
d. +0.01
This focuses on the importance of consciousness to everyday life than just its analysis
Functionalism
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in humans and animals.
Psychology
This word means that people’s judgments should be logical and well thought out
reasoned
He emphasized the process of learning and unlearning, specifically around fear
John B. Watson
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology, ___ explains how people unique from others, while ____ explains how people are similar to each other.
Diversity; Universality
What is structuralism in psychology?
The belief that experiences can be broken down into thoughts, emotions and sensations
This goal of psychology involves what, where, to whom, and under what circumstances will something happen.
Describe
Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior?
John B. Watson
In survey method, this is when a person specifically looks for data that backs up an assumption/theory they already support.
Confirmation Bias
Refers to fairness, equality, and equity
Justice
The “third force” in psychology that focuses o those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
humanistic perspective
What are the 3 types of Scientific Methodology?
● Descriptive Methods
● Correlation Methods
● Experiment
This is when the observer
becomes a participant in the group being observed.
Participant Observation
In cases where deception of participants is inevitable. It is important that they are told after the study exactly why the deception was important. This guideline is called _
Debriefing
This means making reasoned judgments
Critical thinking
This Scientific Methodology is the measure of the relationship between two variables.
Correlation
TRUE or FALSE: Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of the risks.
TRUE
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology, ___ explains that learned behavior patterns from childhood last for a person’s entire life, while ____ explains that they disappear by adulthood.
Stability; Change
Specialty Divisions in Psychology (5)
- Assessment Psychology
- Clinical Psychology
- Counseling Psychology
- Developmental Psychology
- Social Psychology
- Educational Psychology
This is the observance of outward and overt behavior together with one’s mental processes.
Psychology
What is the title of the book Washburn published that studies animal behavior and was considered as an important work in that era of Psychology?
Animal Mind
This field of psychology focuses on Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, but are not allowed to prescribe medication.
Clinical Psychology
In the definition of psychology, the term “behavior” means…
overt actions and reactions