UNIT 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Who are the 3 theorists behind Gestalt Psychology?
A
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, & Kurt Koffka
2
Q
Which modern perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?
A
Biopsychological
3
Q
This goal of psychology involves HOW something can be CHANGED.
A
Control
4
Q
This descriptive method is in lieu of actual behavior
A
Archival Research
5
Q
Ethics committees are usually comprised of:
A
- Researchers
- Veterinarians
- Ethicists
- Members of Public
6
Q
A deliberated manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationship
A
Experiment
7
Q
This step of the Scientific Approach is discussing your findings and identifying whether they correlate positively or negatively with the hypothesis.
A
Report your results
8
Q
States that behavior patterns learned in childhood are permanent and endure throughout the lifespan development of a person
A
Stability
9
Q
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology; ___ explains that a person’s behavior is a product of genetics, while ____ is the sum of their experiences caused by environment & upbringing.
A
Nature; Nurture
10
Q
This descriptive method is when respondents answer a series of questions and scores are compared with the norm. (ex. CETS, MBTI Test)
A
Standardized Tests
11
Q
This descriptive method uses existing records to answer research questions instead of actual behavior. ( Ex. Wanting to study the behavior of a famous person who has passed away.)
A
Archival Research
12
Q
This WAS a form of research method wherein one must come up with a logical explanation to understand one’s consciousness or its function
A
Objective Introspection
13
Q
In this modern perspective, the fear of public speaking may be caused by cultural norms or societal roles.
A
Sociocultural Perspective
14
Q
Which two areas of studies does the Sociocultural Perspective combines?
A
Social Psychology and Cultural Psychology
15
Q
Type of research focused on adding information to the scientific knowledge base
A
Basic Research
16
Q
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology; ___ explains the relationship between our mindset and how it contributes to our behavior.
A
Mind and Body
17
Q
This Scientific Methodology is the deliberate manipulation of the IV in order to observe if it will take effect on the DV.
A
Experiment
18
Q
Symbol for Null Hypothesis
A
=
19
Q
Examples of Mental Processes
A
- Thinking
- Feeling
- Remembering
20
Q
When you want to conduct
research on New Phenomenon, you may compare archival research with qualitative research.
A
Pilot Study
21
Q
A tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
A
Hypothesis
22
Q
When and where was the FIRST psychology lab established?
A
University of Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
23
Q
Reanne is a farmer whose crop yield is not consistent. She believes that her crops don’t do well in the season of locusts, which are insects that eat and destroy crops. Her goal is clearly an example of which goal of psychology?
A
Prediction
24
Q
When did Washburn published her book?
A
1908
25
TRUE or FALSE: It is alright to start a research study without consulting the research protocols to an independent committee.
FALSE
Research protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee prior to commencement
26
Study in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know if the participants are in the experimental or control group
Double-blind Study
27
This is the process of objectively examining one’s thoughts and mental activities. (ex. Students examining the structure of the human mind.)
Objective Introspection
28
Jan, a researcher, wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car but they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable?
a. the virtual car
b. texting
c. the number of virtual accidents
d. the group assignment
b. texting
29
First school in America to offer classes in Psychology
Harvard University
30
This is the tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results of the study
Experimenter effect
31
A form of hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference or relationship between two variables
Alternative Hypothesis
32
What is a disadvantage of Laboratory Observation?
A controlled setting may lead to unauthentic behavior.
33
What are the 4 Enduring Issues in Psychology?
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Stability vs. Change
- Diversity vs. Universality
- Mind-Body
34
TRUE or FALSE: Voluntary and informed consent is necessary
TRUE
35
It is a level of awareness and the state of being aware of external events.
consciousness
36
This professional is a medical doctor specializing in diagnosis, prescription, and treatment of psychological disorders.
Psychiatrist
37
Modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
Cognitive Perspective
38
These are participants who are
subjected to the independent variable.
Experimental Group
39
Evana believes that the earth is flat. Her friend shares plenty of evidence to convince her that the world is round, but Evana's opinion doesn't change. She made an error in which of the following criteria for critical thinking?
a. All evidence is not equal in quality
b. Critical thinking requires an open mind
c. Few "truths" do not need to be tested
d. Expertise doesn't automatically make claims true
b. Critical thinking requires an open mind
40
What does the psychodynamic approach focus on?
Our behavior is from forces that were repressed in our unconscious level of awareness.
41
What are the FOUR ethical principles and guidelines according to The Belmont Report (1979)?
1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
4. Intergrity
42
TRUE or FALSE: The benefits to be gained from the research study should NOT outweigh the risks
FALSE
Risks should NOT outweigh the benefits
43
Who is the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
44
Double-blind studies control for...
a. the placebo effect only
b. the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
c. the experimenter effect only
d. extrinsic motivation
b. the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
45
Modern perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
Biopsychological Perspective
46
Dr. Igor relies on treating patients with appropriate techniques based on a combination of several psychological perspectives. We can say that Dr. Igor is using the _ approach.
Eclectic
47
This descriptive method asks standardized, open-ended questions to a population or a randomly selected sample of participants.
Surveys
48
Everyone in the population must have the opportunity to become a respondent
Randomization
49
This step of the Scientific Approach is identifying whether there is or there isn't a significant difference between the IV and DV.
Forming a hypothesis
50
What are the THREE R's Principle of Animal Ethics?
- Replacement
- Reduction
- Refinement
51
TRUE or FALSE: Research in humans should be based on the results of laboratory and animal experimentations first
TRUE
52
In this modern perspective, a person may fear public behavior because they associate it with negative responses from the audience chuckling or the embarrassment they feel. (More likely to do things with positive reinforcement than negative)
Behavioral Perspective
53
They are best positioned in an ethics committee to identify and advocate social risks and benefits
Members of Public
54
Disadvantage of surveys?
People answering may not always say the truth or have a bias.
55
Which early psychologist was the first to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
56
Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship thus be close to complete randomness?
a. -0.98
b. +1.04
c. -0.89
d. +0.01
d. +0.01
57
This focuses on the importance of consciousness to everyday life than just its analysis
Functionalism
58
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in humans and animals.
Psychology
59
This word means that people's judgments should be logical and well thought out
reasoned
60
He emphasized the process of learning and unlearning, specifically around fear
John B. Watson
61
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology, ___ explains how people unique from others, while ____ explains how people are similar to each other.
Diversity; Universality
62
What is structuralism in psychology?
The belief that experiences can be broken down into thoughts, emotions and sensations
63
This goal of psychology involves what, where, to whom, and under what circumstances will something happen.
Describe
64
Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior?
John B. Watson
65
In survey method, this is when a person specifically looks for data that backs up an assumption/theory they already support.
Confirmation Bias
66
Refers to fairness, equality, and equity
Justice
67
The "third force" in psychology that focuses o those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
humanistic perspective
68
What are the 3 types of Scientific Methodology?
● Descriptive Methods
● Correlation Methods
● Experiment
69
This is when the observer
becomes a participant in the group being observed.
Participant Observation
70
In cases where deception of participants is inevitable. It is important that they are told after the study exactly why the deception was important. This guideline is called _
Debriefing
71
This means making reasoned judgments
Critical thinking
72
This Scientific Methodology is the measure of the relationship between two variables.
Correlation
73
TRUE or FALSE: Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of the risks.
TRUE
74
In this Enduring Issue in Psychology, ___ explains that learned behavior patterns from childhood last for a person's entire life, while ____ explains that they disappear by adulthood.
Stability; Change
75
Specialty Divisions in Psychology (5)
- Assessment Psychology
- Clinical Psychology
- Counseling Psychology
- Developmental Psychology
- Social Psychology
- Educational Psychology
76
This is the observance of outward and overt behavior together with one's mental processes.
Psychology
77
What is the title of the book Washburn published that studies animal behavior and was considered as an important work in that era of Psychology?
Animal Mind
78
This field of psychology focuses on Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, but are not allowed to prescribe medication.
Clinical Psychology
79
In the definition of psychology, the term "behavior" means...
overt actions and reactions
80
Which step in the scientific approach is derived from the goal of description?
Perceiving a question
81
Examples of Behavior
- Talking
- Facial Expressions
- Movement
82
This profession is said to conduct a more thorough assessment since they administer a battery of tests in addition to psychological assessments
Psychologist
83
How old is Psychology?
140 y/o
84
Which early psychologist would have been most likely to agree with the statement, "The study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life"?
William James
85
Who came up with Operant Conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
86
TRUE or FALSE: When doing research, the study itself must come first, and the participants second.
FALSE. Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science. People > Research
87
This license of psychology focuses on social work.
Social Workers [MSW] (LSW)
88
This descriptive method is when researchers can watch animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation.
Laboratory Observation
89
This is the tendency of observers
to see what they expect to see, and a disadvantage of this methodology.
Observer Bias
90
This license of psychology undergoes psychoanalytic training and helps clients analyze their symptoms and the causes behind them.
Psychoanalysts (M.D. or PhD)
91
What are the 5 Steps of the Scientific Approach?
Perceiving the question, Forming a hypothesis, Testing the hypothesis, Drawing conclusions, Report your results
92
Pami, a researcher, finds that over the years as people started wearing seatbelts, the number of deaths in car accidents decreased. This would be an example of a _ correlation.
Negative
In a negative correlation, as one variable (seatbelt usage) increases, the other variable (number of deaths in car accidents) decreases.
93
This license of psychology goes through med school.
Psychiatrists (M.D.)
94
This goal of psychology involves WHEN something will happen again.
Predict
95
Example of Case Study
Study on Phineas Gage who survived an accident where an iron rod impaled through his left cheek and skull.
96
He thought that the scientific study of consciousness is impossible because conscious ideas are ever-changing
William James
97
Who came up with Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
98
This modern perspective focuses on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person's behavior other than sexual motivations?
Psychodynamic Perspective
99
In the definition of psychology, the term "mental process" means
internal, covert process
100
Modern perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
Evolutionary Perspective
101
This step of the Scientific Approach is where research instruments come in to prove whether one should reject or accept the hypothesis.
Testing the hypothesis
102
When and who established recommendation for biomedical research?
1964; World Medical Association
103
This summarizes the ethical principles and guidelines of the commission for protection of human participants of biomedical and behavioral research
The Belmont Report (1979)
104
In this modern perspective, fear of public speaking may stem from an underlying issue in the unconscious where the fear of rejection was developed and repressed.
Psychodynamic Perspective
105
What are the modern perspectives in psychology?
Behavioral, Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Biopsychological, Socio-cultural, Evolutionary
106
Other role or responsibility of Guidance Counselors
Career assessment and planning
107
This phenomenon is the expectations of any group in an experimental study can affect the outcome.
Placebo Effect
108
In this modern perspective, the fear of public speaking is perceived by our brain as a real danger, sending our body into fight-or-flight mode. (One's thoughts and actions are advantageous for survival.)
Evolutionary Perspective
109
In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep 8 hours while another group is made to stay awake, the control group is...
a. the group that remains awake
b. the group that gets to sleep
c. the puzzle
d. the difference in time for each group to complete the puzzle
b. the group that gets to sleep
110
TRUE or FALSE: Data gathered from the study must remain confidential.
TRUE
111
This modern perspective has a positive approach where one sees the feeling of fear as a motivator to overcome it.
Humanistic Perspective
112
This psychological license is trained in the field of clinical, industrial, educational, and can give intervention programs to address problems.
Psychologists (M.A., PhD., PsyD.)
113
This is the process of randomly assigning participants to control groups to achieve an equal chance of being in either group.
Random Assignment
114
TRUE or FALSE: If there are unforeseen incidents or side effects that arise during research, there is NO NEED to report these to the ethics committee
FALSE
Researchers are required to report any serious issues or side effects that arise
115
Focuses on how the mind allows people to function in the real world - how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings
Functionalism
116
A disadvantage of a Case Study?
The information gained cannot be generalized.
117
This variable represents a measurable response.
Dependent Variable
118
TRUE or FALSE: There are cases where participants are not allowed to withdraw from the study.
FALSE. Participants must ALWAYS be allowed to withdraw from a study at any time
119
Maxine's dog comes running into the kitchen everytime he hears a crackling sound. Maxine feels that this happens because the dog food she gives also opens with a similar sound. Which modern perspective offers the best explanation for the behavior of Maxine's dog?
Behavioral
120
Randomly selected sample of participants from a larger group
Representative sample
121
What are the 4 Goals of Psychology?
Describe, Explain, Predict, Control
122
They have the ability to comment on animal welfare when doing research
Veterinarians
123
This step of the Scientific Approach is an inquiry from something interesting that can spark a question.
Perceiving the question
124
Other questionable studies that violates ethical considerations in research
- thalidomide birth defects incident (1950)
- Henrietta Lacks' unconsented immortal HeLa cells (1951)
- Mistreated Tuskegee syphilis participants (1932-1972)
125
This is the tendency of people or
animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.
Observer Effect
126
This correlation is when both variables increase.
Positive Correlation
127
Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner
128
This step of the Scientific Approach is the results of the experiment that are evidence from which you can explain in relation to the hypothesis.
Drawing conclusions
129
Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?
behaviorism
130
This field of psychology helps employees of an organization boost their productivity and quality of life to preserve their well-being.
Industrial-Organizational
131
A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in which goal of psychology?
Explanation
132
This descriptive method is an in-depth, comprehensive evaluation of a person, event, or narrative.
Case Studies
133
Specific description of a variable or interest
Operationalization
134
States that risks should NOT outweigh the benefits
Beneficence
135
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis focused on
a. introspection
b. observable behavior
c. Gestalt perceptions
d. early childhood experiences
d. early childhood experiences
136
What is behaviorism by Pavlov, Skinner and Watson?
It is the science of human behavior that focuses on observable behaviors and what triggers responses.
137
When did Washburn received her PhD in Psychology?
1894
138
Our ___ and neurological patterns contribute to our mood and behavior.
Neurotransmitters
139
Who is the Father of EXPERIMENTAL Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
140
These emphasized the considerations around least harm and greatest utility of research animals
Three R's Principle
141
Tati believes that introverts have fewer friends. She forms a questionnaire and distributes it to her schoolmates. Which step in the scientific approach is she currently on?
Testing the hypothesis
142
First woman to finish all the courses and requirements to receive a PhD in Psychology, but was denied because of her gender
Mary Whiton Calkins
143
This descriptive method can be administered to a larger population
Surveys
144
Study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking
Cognitive Neuroscience
145
When and where did Granville Stanley Hall established his psychological laboratory?
1883; John Hopkins University, USA
146
Symbols for Alternative Hypothesis
>, <
147
Meaning of Gestalt
"configuration / "form" / "an organized whole"
148
This formed the basis of good clinical practice we now use universally
Declaration of Helsinki
149
Proponents of Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, John B. Watson
150
They are best positioned in an ethics committee to evaluate utility of research and the rigor of the study designs
Researchers
151
Psychology started out as a philosophical study of ____.
The soul
152
Which perspective best explains the "bystander effect" whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by?
sociocultural perspective
153
In this modern perspective, one may fear public speaking because of irrational thoughts or negative self-critique. (Personal judgments can influence our decisions)
Cognitive Perspective
154
This variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
Independent Variable
155
TRUE or FALSE: Research should be conducted by qualified individuals
TRUE
156
Can be directly observed through the overt action or reaction of an individual
Behavior
157
First American with a doctorate in psychology and founded the American Psychological Association and was its first president.
Granville Stanley Hall
158
A system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced
Scientific Approach
159
In this modern perspective, the fear of public speaking is one of the body's key factors in causing fear and anxiety.
Biopsychological Perspective
160
States that people change over time depending on the situation and life experiences
Change
161
This professional is trained in the area of social work and is licensed to practice such.
Psychiatric Social Worker
162
Proponents of Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney
163
Examples of Research Instruments (3)
- Surveys
- Interview
- Questionnaires
164
TRUE or FALSE: It is the responsibility of the researchers to report any changes in research protocols to the ethics committee
TRUE
165
Father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
166
This license of psychology deals with couseling marriages and families.
Marriage and Family Therapist (M.A.)
167
This License of psychology practices under the supervision of a psychologist, offering standardized tests and can provide basic mental health first aid.
Psychometrician (B.S.)
168
Four basic criteria for critical thinking
1. There are very few "truths" that do not need to be subjected to testing
2. All evidence is not equal in quality
3. Just because someone is considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not make everything that person claim automatically true
4. Critical thinking requires an open mind
169
This profession assess patients using consultations and providing medications and/or treatment
Psychiatrist
170
In survey method, this is when test takers would answer questions for them to look better.
Halo Effect
171
The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested
Population
172
Disadvantage of Correlation Methods
Fails to explain and/or prove the cause-and-effect relationship of the variables
173
They have an understanding of ethical principles and ability in identifying ethical conflicts
Ethicists
174
These are participants who are not
subjected to the independent variable, may receive the placebo treatment.
Control Group
175
In a _ study, the participants do not know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group.
single-blind
176
Mikey has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a _
Psychiatrist
177
This correlation is when one variable increases while the other decreases.
Negative Correlation
178
A number that represents the
strength of a relationship existing
between two variables derived from formula.
Correlation Coefficient
179
They help students in school to cope up with their academic units or problems when they are not performing well academically
Guidance Counselors
180
First woman to receive a PhD in Psychology and also Titchener's only graduate student for that year
Margaret F. Washburn
181
A form of hypothesis which states that there is NO significant difference or relationship between two variables
Null Hypothesis
182
Why is Psychology considered as scientific?
It does not rely on assumptions, speculation, or intuition.
183
Innate or covert activity of the mind, feeling, and thinking
Mental processes
184
Classifications of consciousness
- thoughts
- experiences
- emotions
- other basic elements
185
This field of psychology focuses on addressing students coping with academics and offering help with outside factors that could affect their acad development.
School and Education (Guidance Counselors)
186
Modern perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions, society, and culture on an individual's thinking and behavior
Sociocultural Perspective
187
This descriptive method refers to observers who watch animals or people in their natural environments.
Naturalistic Observation
188
This was established due to evidences found that suggests that German physicians and administrators conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent, and wherein they were seriously harmed
Nuremberg Code (1947)
189
It is the belief that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Gestalt Psychology
190
Type of research focused on finding practical solutions to real-world problems
Applied Research
191
Study in which the participants do not know if they are in the experimental or control group
Single-blind Study
192
Refers to the autonomy and informed consent
Respect for persons
193
Where did Mary Whiton Calkins took courses for earning a PhD in Psychology as a "guest"?
Harvard University
194
This goal of psychology involves WHY something is happening.
Explain
195
What did William James contribute to psychology?
He introduced functionalism, focusing on how the mind allows people to function.
196
This professional holds a doctorate degree focusing on research and the academe. Some are clinical practitioners that provide assessment and clinical intervention.
Psychologists
197
Jami is a research assistant who researches about the behavior of rhesus monkeys in their natural environment. She is a believer of the fact that altruism is present in all species. When observing the monkeys, she notices altruistic behavior among them. Jami might be a victim of...
a. observer bias
b. observer effect
c. random bias
d. experimental bias
a. observer bias
198
Governing body for ethical research
Institutional Review Boards / Ethics Committee
