Unit 2 SAFMEDS

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

a systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world

Question 2

Goals of science

Answer 2

prediction, control, and development of technology

Question 3

Natural science

Answer 3

empirical phenomena; direct observation and measurement; manipulate independent variables

Question 4

Types of natural science

Answer 4

physics, chemistry, biology, behavior analysis

Question 5

Social science

Answer 5

hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm; indirect observation and measurement; inferential statistics

Question 6

Types of social science

Answer 6

psychology, sociology, political science

Question 7

Philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis

Answer 7

determinism, empiricism, parsimony, philosophical doubt, pragmatism

Question 8

Determinism

Answer 8

the universe is a lawful and orderly place

Question 9

Lawfulness of behavior

Answer 9

All behavior is determined by the genetic makeup of an organism, its history and its current situation

Question 10

Empiricism

Answer 10

objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior

Question 11

Experimentation and Replication

Answer 11

2 elements of empiricism

Question 12

Experimentation

Answer 12

systematic manipulation of an independent variable

Question 13

Replication

Answer 13

repeating any part of an experiment

Question 14

Parsimony

Answer 14

requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Question 15

Philosophical Doubt

Answer 15

continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact

Question 16

Pragmatism

Answer 16

assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

Question 17

Behaviorism

Answer 17

the philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis. posits that behavior is the subject matter of our science.

Question 18

Radical behaviorism

Answer 18

B.F. Skinner’s philosophy of the science of human behavior and the most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of behavior analysis

Question 19

Determinants of behavior

Answer 19

causes of behavior: inherited biological factors, organism’s experiential history and current environment

Question 20

Selection

Answer 20

the process in which repeated cycles of variation, interaction with the environment, and differential replication as a function of the interaction

Question 21

Natural, Operant and Cultural

Answer 21

3 types of selection by consequences

Question 22

Natural selection

Answer 22

the environment selects which variations survive and are passed on

Question 23

Operant selection

Answer 23

selection at the individual level; behavioral variability

Question 24

Cultural selection

Answer 24

cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group and are passed on through generations

Question 25

Temporal contiguity

Answer 25

the nearness of events in time

Question 26

Contingency

Answer 26

a dependency between events

Question 27

Types of contingencies

Answer 27

S-S contingencies (pairing)
R-S contingencies
S-R-S contingencies (the 3-term contingency)

Question 28

Basic operations

Answer 28

Direct observation, Repeated measures, Graph data, Manipulation, Systematic evaluation, Analysis and interpretation

Question 29

Direct observation

Answer 29

use our ears, eyes, and other senses to directly observe behavior, environmental events and the real-life context

Question 30

Repeated measures

Answer 30

Collecting data multiple times before intervention, multiple times after each intervention, and multiple times during any other phase of the study

Question 31

Graph data

Answer 31

different types of graphs to chart repeated measures on an ongoing basis

Question 32

Manipulation

Answer 32

altering antecedents and consequences in the environment

Question 33

Systematic evaluation

Answer 33

using single-case designs to control for extraneous variables and each participant serves as his own control

Question 34

Analysis and Interpretation

Answer 34

using single case designs and graphed data to make statements about functional relations between behavior and environmental events

Question 35

Consequential Operation (+)

Answer 35

contingently present a stimulus immediately after the response

Question 36

Consequential Operation (-)

Answer 36

contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response

Question 37

Learning

Answer 37

a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 38

Learning with and without words

Answer 38

words can facilitate learning or can interfere with learning