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Western Civilization > Unit 2: Rome > Flashcards

Unit 2: Rome Flashcards

1
Q

What was occurring prior to 500 BC?

A

greeks and italians are building their own kingdoms

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2
Q

What happened in 509 BC?

A
  • Rome becomes a republic because the king was removed from the throne
  • Rome also begins creating alliances with Italian cities
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3
Q

What are the citizens like in early Rome?

A

they are largely farmers and citizen soldiers

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4
Q

How was the government set up in Rome?

A
  • Assembly
  • Senate
  • Consuls
  • 2 tribunes
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5
Q

Who was a part of the assembly

A

plebians

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6
Q

What is a plebian

A

the average citizen

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7
Q

What did the senate consist of?

A
  • patricians
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8
Q

Who are patricians?

A

aristocrats

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9
Q

What were consuls

A
  • 2 people voted from the senate each year
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10
Q

What are the two tribunes?

A

those from the assembly voted to serve on the senate

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11
Q

What are the main concerns of the tribunes?

A
  • to protect the plebians

- veto laws that unfairly target plebians

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12
Q

What happens when Rome makes allies?

A
  • they take over central Italy

- Rome eventually takes over Greeks to the South and Entruscans

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13
Q

How do people largely fight in this era?

A

phalanx

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14
Q

Phalanx

A
  • spears

- swords

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15
Q

Who was the Italian Alliance dominated by?

A

Rome

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16
Q

When was Carthage founded and by who?

A
  • founded in 800 BC

- by the Phoenicians

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17
Q

Who primarily ruled Carthage

A

merchants and trade

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18
Q

What city state is Carthage similar to and why?

A
  • corinth

- use mercenaries to fight and were ran by merchants and trade

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19
Q

What is south of Carthage?

A

Numidia calvary

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20
Q

How was Carthage’s Navy

A
  • VERY GOOD

- VERY GOOD MERCENARIES ALSO

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21
Q

Why did Carthage begin to butt up against the Italian Alliance?

A

because both wanted Sicily because it is needed to truly rule trade because of its central location

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22
Q

What occurs in 264 BC?

A

Sicily v. Carthage because Sicily is part of the Italian Alliance

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23
Q

When did the First Punic wars happen?

A

264-241 BC

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24
Q

Why did the First Punic wars happen?

A

control over Sicily

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25
Q

Who wins the First Punic wars?

A

Carthage wins because they recruit Sparta to aid in defeating Rome

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26
Q

If Carthage won the physical battles, how did Sicily become Romes territory?

A

Carthage has to secede because they are running low on funds

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27
Q

Why do neither Rome nor Carthage become dominant powers after the First Punic War?

A
  • Carthage doesn’t have Sicily

- Rome is upset that Carthage is still powerful

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28
Q

When did the Second punic Wars occur?

A

218-202 BC

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29
Q

How does Hannibal trigger the Second Punic Wars?

A

he marches through the Alps and invades Italy from the North and defeats the Roman army

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30
Q

When does Hannibal invade Italy?

A

217 BC

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31
Q

Who joins Carthage against Rome in the 2nd Punic Wars?

A

Syracuse which is in Sicily

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32
Q

What does Rome do when Syracuse joins Carthage?

A

Rome punishes them by killing their people neighborhood by neighborhood

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33
Q

Why did the 2nd Punic War end in another Stalemate?

A
  • Rome can’t beat Hannibal

- Hannibal is tired of fighting

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34
Q

What happens in 207 BC?

A

Skipio (roman) invades Spain

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35
Q

In 204 BC, who is in Italy?

A
  • Skipio

- Hannibal

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36
Q

What happened at the Battle of Zama?

A
  • Rome wins the battle

- Hannibal + Carthage surrender

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37
Q

What happens as a result of the 2nd Punic Wars?

A

Rome gets most of Carthage’s territory but Carthage can still trade and make money through trade

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38
Q

What eventually ends up happening to Hannibal?

A

He is found by Rome but kills himself when found

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39
Q

Why do politicians want to destroy Carthage?

A

because Carthage still has trade power

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40
Q

When do the 3rd Punic Wars happen?

A

149-146 BC

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41
Q

How did the 3rd Punic Wars start?

A

the Numidians attack Carthage, and Carthage fights back

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42
Q

What happens when the Numidians attack Carthage and Carthage retaliates?

A

Rome declares war and does not allow Carthage to surrender

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43
Q

What happened as a result of Rome not allowing Carthage to surrender?

A

anyone who is able-bodied is now fighting in the war

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44
Q

Who captures the citadel in Carthage?

A

Rome

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45
Q

What happened to Carthage in the 3rd Punic Wars?

A

It essentially became obsolete because Rome killed mostly everyone and if they weren’t killed they were sold into slavery

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46
Q

Who dominates the Mediterranean after the Punic Wars?

A

Rome

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47
Q

Who controls Macedonia after King Phillip?

A

Antigonias

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48
Q

Why did Rome attack Macedonia and begin the Macedonia Wars?

A

Macedonia had helped Carthage attack Rome

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49
Q

Who wins the Macedonian wars and what is the outcome?

A

Rome wins the Macedonian Wars and as a result takes over Greece

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50
Q

When did the Seleucid War occur?

A

133-63 BC

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51
Q

How did the Seleucid War start?

A

Rome attacked many of their kingdoms

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52
Q

What happens due to the Seleucid War?

A

the seleucids get knocked out of existence

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53
Q

When did the social war occur?

A

91-88 BC

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54
Q

Why did the social war occur?

A

Rome was getting all of the power while the Italians were not although they were helping Rome fight

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55
Q

What happens as a result of the social war?

A

every eligible male with property in Italy is now a Roman citizen

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56
Q

What has wealth and conquest given Patricians?

A

slaves to work on Latifundia

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57
Q

What are Latifundias?

A

slave plantations

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58
Q

What happens to the Plebians?

A

they go into debt and have their land stolen by patricians

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59
Q

What happens as a result of the widening gap between the rich and poor?

A
  • plebians want the opportunity to have wealth like the patritians
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60
Q

What was the popular opinion when it came to plebeians and patricians?

A

wealth gap good

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61
Q

What was an unpopular opinion when it came to plebeians and patricians?

A

patricians are limited in what they can own so that the plebeians can now get land

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62
Q

What major change happened in 100 BC?

A

the army no longer consisted of only citizens but to a professional army that anyone can join

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63
Q

Why was the military shift from citizens to professionals bad?

A

people were no longer fighting because they were loyal to Rome but because they wanted the money

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64
Q

When did the 1st Triumvirate occur?

A

60-40 BC

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65
Q

Who was in the First Triumvirate?

A
  • Julius Caesar
  • Pompey
  • Crassis
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66
Q

Who is Pompey?

A

excellent war general

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67
Q

Crassus

A

very wealthy senator

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68
Q

Where did Caesar invade to outshine Pompey?

A

Gaul

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69
Q

How does Crassus respond to Caesar invading Gaul?

A

he invades Persia to outshine both Caesar and Pompey but gets killed

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70
Q

Who “wins” the 1st Triumvirate?

A

Caesar because he marches onto Crassus

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71
Q

Who is the Pharaoh of Egypt during the first triumvirate?

A

Ptolemy

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72
Q

What does Ptolemy do to Crassus?

A

he kills Pompey and sends his head to Caesar

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73
Q

What is Caeser’s reaction to the beheading of Crassus?

A
  • He is upset with Ptolemy and goes after him

- Ptolemaic is the last Hellenistic kingdom

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74
Q

What is the significance of Cleopatra?

A

Cleopatra proposes an alliance with Caeser and becomes queen of Egypt after defeating Ptolemy. She plans to become co-ruler of Rome by seducing Caeser

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75
Q

What would be the impact of Cleopatra co-ruling Rome?

A

it would unify Greece and Rome because Cleopatra is Greek and they trust her

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76
Q

Who becomes dictator for life?

A

Caeser

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77
Q

Who spearheaded the idea that Rome should not have a dictator for life?

A

Cicero

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78
Q

What did Cicero’s ideas lead to?

A

Caesar’s assassination by senators

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79
Q

When was the second Triumvirate?

A

44-30 BC

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80
Q

Who was involved in the Second Triumvirate?

A
  • Octavian
  • Mark Anthony
  • Lepidus
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81
Q

Who is Octavian?

A

Caesar’s nephew

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82
Q

Who is Mark Anthony?

A

a general that fought under Caesar

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83
Q

Who is Lepidus?

A

a wealthy senator

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84
Q

Who was sent to find Caesar’s assassin?

A

Mark Anthony

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85
Q

What happens when Mark Anthony prepares an army?

A

Octavian also prepares an army

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86
Q

What does Lepidus do?

A

he retires

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87
Q

Why does Lepidus retire?

A

he struggles to raise an army

88
Q

Who does Mark Anthony want approval from?

A

Cleopatra

89
Q

What occurred in 33-32 BC?

A

a civil war erupts between Octavian and Mark Anthony in which Octavian defeats him

90
Q

Who from the Second Triumvirate ends up committing suicide to avoid capture?

A
  • Mark Anthony

- Cleopatra

91
Q

What big change happens after Cleopatra’s suicide?

A

there are no more hellenistic kingdoms

92
Q

What offices does Octavian create?

A
  • Priceps

- Imperator

93
Q

Pricep

A

highest ranking citizen

94
Q

What was Octavian renamed?

A

Augustus

95
Q

Who became the first emperor of Rome?

A

Augustus

96
Q

When did the Roman empire have the first emperor?

A

30 BC

97
Q

When did Rome divide into two parts

A

285 AD

98
Q

What does emperor Claudius do?

A

he sends an army to Britannia to prove glory and fame

99
Q

What is east Rome like?

A
  • high population
  • wealthy
  • had Hellenism
100
Q

What is west Rome like?

A
  • small towns
  • raw materials
  • no hellenism because it did not reach the west
101
Q

What are two paths to citizenship in Rome

A
  • join the army

- citizenship through government (wealthy only)

102
Q

Cursus Honorum

A

pathway to citizenship through army + government

103
Q

What is the culture in the east?

A
  • trilingual

- tricultural

104
Q

What is the culture in the west?

A
  • bilingual

- bicultural

105
Q

What were the religious beliefs of the Hebrews?

A
  • monotheistic

- covenant: yawhey will reward those who obey his word and worship him

106
Q

Why did the Hebrews rebel against the empire?

A

they felt the roman empire was pushing polytheism too much

107
Q

What did Rome do as a result of the revolts?

A

they relocated the Hebrews so there were only small communities

108
Q

Who do the Hebrews consider the Messiah

A
  • descendant of king david
109
Q

Do the Hebrews adopt Hellenism?

A

They adopt Hellenism and some even become Roman citizens

110
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A
  • peaceful Messiah
  • love thy neighbor + love God
  • salvation is reached by following God rather than by rules that you follow
111
Q

Why was Jesus crucified?

A

his message differed from the one the other religions were saying

112
Q

What does Christ mean?

A

anointed king

113
Q

What does Christian mean?

A

follower of the anointed one

114
Q

What were priests responsible for?

A
  • preaching
  • baptism
  • mass
115
Q

What did deacons do?

A

helps the priest perform their duties

116
Q

As Christianity expands, who is added to the hierarchy

A

patriarchs

117
Q

What is another name for the churches supervisors?

A
  • bishops
118
Q

What are the 4 most respected bishops called?

A

patriarchs

119
Q

Where are the 5 most powerful patriarchs located?

A
  • Jerusalem
  • Rome
  • Alexandria
  • Antioch
  • Constantinople
120
Q

Which religious type is scripture more important? : monotheistic or polytheistic

A

monotheism

121
Q

What is the Tanak?

A

Old Testament

122
Q

What does the Tanak contain?

A
  • Torah: laws and identities of Hebrews

- if you are not a Hebrew Christian, the Torah does not apply to you

123
Q

Prophets

A

lessons the previous prophets have learned from God

124
Q

Wisdom

A

how to maintain a relationship with God

125
Q

How was the New Testament created?

A

a bishop met with others and decided which works to include in the official Bible

126
Q

What 3 things are included in the Bible?

A
  • Acts
  • Epistles
  • Revelation
127
Q

Acts

A

non-hebrews don’t have to follow the Torah

128
Q

Epistles

A

letter to community explain Christianity and how to be a Christian

129
Q

Revelations

A

the prophecy of the end of time

130
Q

What hellenistic elements is included in the Bible?

A
  • New Testament is written in greek
  • Heaven is an ideal world that humans strive to get to(idealism)
  • People have free will, and they choose to follow God or not (Humanism)
131
Q

What percent of people were Christian by 300 AD?

A

30% of Romans

132
Q

Edict of Tolerance

A

Christians can practice their faith without persecution

133
Q

Who enacted the Edict of Tolerance?

A

Constantine

134
Q

Orthodoxy

A

the correct way to do Christianity

135
Q

Heretic

A

doing Christianity wrong

136
Q

What is the important of the terms Orthodoxy and Heretic?

A

They allow the state to step in when it comes to religion, no separation of church and state

137
Q

Who declares Christianity the official religion of Rome and when?

A
  • Theodosius

- 380 AD

138
Q

Who become enemies of the state after Theodosius’s declaration

A

heretics and pagans

139
Q

What is the relationship between the two terms: Roman, Christian

A

these terms became almost synonymous after Theodosius declared Christianity the official religion

140
Q

What caused the empire to become unstable around the 200’s?

A

the generals began to try to kill the emperors to gain power and this was easy because since the army was no longer citizen based, soldiers were loyal to their generals instead of the kingdom of Rome

141
Q

What does Diocletian do and when?

A

In 283 AD he divides Rome into two parts and restructures the government:

  • 2 Augusti
  • 2 Caesers
142
Q

2 Augusti

A
  • emperor

- emperor’s successor

143
Q

2 Caesars

A
  • vice emperor

- vice emperor’s successor

144
Q

Why did Diocletian implement 4 rulers?

A
  • much more control was allowed because all 4 men are placed in different parts of Rome
  • stops revolts throughout the empire
145
Q

Where is the Christian capital Constantinople located?

A

East

146
Q

Where are the Huns located?

A

grasslands of mongolia to the edge of eastern europe (steppe nomads)

147
Q

How did the Huns prefer to fight?

A

they rode horses and fought with bow and arrows

148
Q

Which two groups get conquered by the Huns?

A
  • slavs

- german

149
Q

How do the Germans react to being attacked by the Huns?

A

they attempt to take refugee in Rome but the west is unable to handle bringing in 200,000 refugees because their current population is only 1 million max

150
Q

How does West Rome solve the population issue with the Germans?

A

they let in some refugees as allies and there is a tribe set up by the border they are assigned to defend

151
Q

What are the four groups of Germans?

A
  • Visigoths
  • Ostrogoths
  • Franks
  • Anglo Saxons
152
Q

Where did the Visigoths and Ostrogoths defend?

A

the poorer part of the East

153
Q

Where did the Franks defend?

A

Northwest

154
Q

Why do the Visigoths revolt against Rome?

A

the land they defend is not arable therefore they are starving

155
Q

How does the Roman emperor react to the Visigoth’s revolt?

A

he attempts to defeat them but is killed in battle

156
Q

What do the Visigoths do it 410 AD?

A

they realize the western emperor is weaker so they occupy the west

157
Q

What problem does Honorius have?

A

there are refugees being led over the frozen river by bangals

158
Q

How does Honorius solve the Bangals problem?

A

he sends the visigoths to destroy the bangals. when they do, they get to occupy spain and their king becomes roman governor

159
Q

Where do the Franks take over?

A

Gaul (modern day france)

160
Q

Where are the Angle and Saxons hired as mercenaries?

A

Britain

161
Q

How does the Roman emperor get rid of the ostrogoths?

A

in 476 emperor sends odoacer to Italy to become governor so all barbarians are now in the west

162
Q

Were the Germans hesitant to adopt Roman culture?

A

no they happily accepted it

163
Q

What were the requirements to become a Roman leader?

A
  • rank officially given by the emperor

- christian

164
Q

Comes

A

count

165
Q

Dux

A

dukes

166
Q

Romano-German

A

mixture of people, law, and customs

167
Q

Who was Isidore?

A
  • bishop

- visigoths

168
Q

Where did the Visigoths occupy and how long?

A
  • spain

- 414-711

169
Q

What does Isidore do?

A
  • writes an encyclopedia of Roman knowledge

- critical because this did not exist in the west prior

170
Q

Who is Justinius?

A

he wants to conquer Rome and takes over the ostrogoths

171
Q

What does Theoderic do?

A
  • attempts to unify Romans and ostrogoths
172
Q

What does Boethius do?

A
  • works in Theoderics administration and is a Roman senator
  • writes works on philosophy, logic, music theory
  • executed
173
Q

Clovis

A
  • unified Gaul under the Franks
  • converts to christianity because Romans will see his rule as illegitimate if not
  • first Merovingians
174
Q

What did the Merovingians do with pagan temples?

A
  • pagan temples were taken down and repurposed into needed buildings
175
Q

Who was recruited to defend the coastline of Province?

A

Anglo-Saxons

176
Q

Who occupies Britain?

A
  • Anglo-Saxons
  • Christian kelts in the mountains
  • small roman kingdoms
177
Q

Who are sent to the Anglo-Saxons in 600 AD?

A

missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity

178
Q

What occurs in 660 with Theodore?

A

he is sent to England to form the church of England and brings a LIBRARY

179
Q

What is important about Theodore bringing a library to the west?

A

it includes christian and hellenistic works.

180
Q

What happens to the Eastern Roman empire in the 6th century?

A

they are essentially a greek empire because they revert to greek government and law

181
Q

Who becomes the Byzantium empire?

A

hellenistic east

182
Q

Who decides to reconquer the west?

A

Justinian

183
Q

What does Justinian do?

A
  • takes over north africa
  • takes italy from the ostrogoths
  • puts a foothole in visigoth spain
184
Q

Why can’t Justinian get to the foothole in spain?

A

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE

185
Q

How does the bubonic plague affect the east?

A

deaths disruptive to the economy and the military so expansion is basically halted

186
Q

What happens when Rome tries to rebuild after the bubonic plague?

A

Byzantine empire goes to war with Persia and wins

187
Q

What happens with Byzantine and Persia?

A

Persia gives them territory

188
Q

Caliph

A

Arab empire

189
Q

Prophet

A

messenger and receives messages from God

190
Q

Who is the prophet in Islam?

A

Mohammed

191
Q

What are the followers of islam called?

A

Muslim

192
Q

What do the Arabs do to remain unified?

A

they go raid persia but persia is still recovering from their loss from the byzantine empire so they simply perish

193
Q

Ummayid Dynasty (661-750)

A

will continue to expand to Afghanistan and into northern Africa

194
Q

What interaction do the Arabs and Visigoths have?

A

Arabs send an army to defeat the visigoths and they destroy them essentially

195
Q

Abbasids (750-1258)

A

mixture of Arab, Persian, and Hellenistic culture

196
Q

What happens in the late 8th century?

A

Byzantine empire is reduced to Greece, Italy, and Turkey

197
Q

What hybrid was the Carolingian empire?

A
  • Roman
  • Christian
  • German
  • Pagan
198
Q

Who is the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?

A

clovis

199
Q

Why does the merovingian dynasty decline?

A

it begins to be fractured because land is divided among the king’s son when he dies

200
Q

Who becomes extremely powerful in the merovingian dynasty and why?

A
  • nobles

- they gained power because sons of kings needed their help in securing the best land from their brothers

201
Q

What were nobles called?

A

Mayor of the Palace

202
Q

Charles Martel (714-741)

A
  • defeats the Arabs because they begin to raid Frank territory
  • THE HAMMER
203
Q

Pepin the short (741-768)

A
  • wants to eventually become king of the Franks so he sets off to be crowned by a patriarch in Rome
  • ^ alliance with the Pope: be king in exchange for protection from the Lombards
204
Q

What did Charles the Great (r. 768-814) do?

A
  • reconstitutes the western roman empire
  • defeats the lombards
  • attempts to attack the arabs because they arent christian and fails
205
Q

What is the byzantine emperor’s reaction to a Frank being named Roman king?

A

he is upset

206
Q

What is the significance of the elephant gift given to Charlemagne?

A

Caliph knew that Charlemagne could not give a gift of equal status so the caliph was considered more powerful

207
Q

Where did the Northumbrian Renaissance happen?

A

Anglo-Saxon Kingdom

208
Q

Why did the Northumbrian Renaissance start?

A

Theodore brought a library and established the church of England

209
Q

Bede

A

writes new information; history of the anglosaxons

210
Q

How did the Carolingian Renaissance start?

A

Charlemagne brought over scholars from Northumbria to France to teach his empire

211
Q

Alcuin

A

educating people in the church and the rulers of the carolingian empire

212
Q

Einhard

A
  • wrote a biography of charlemagne

- his writings followed ROMAN writing structure

213
Q

How was Romanesque architecture created?

A

Charlemagne brought people from Italy to build in Rome

214
Q

Treaty of Verdun 843

A

Charlemagne’s grandsons come to an agreement on who gets what land

215
Q

What brings us to the Treaty of Verdun 843?

A

Charlemagne’s son has 3 sons who fight over which land they occupy

216
Q

What does the Frank Empire split into after the Treaty of Verdun?

A
  • West Franks
  • East Franks
  • Middle Franks

Western Civilization (6 decks)

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