Unit 2: Rome Flashcards
1
Q
What was occurring prior to 500 BC?
A
greeks and italians are building their own kingdoms
2
Q
What happened in 509 BC?
A
- Rome becomes a republic because the king was removed from the throne
- Rome also begins creating alliances with Italian cities
3
Q
What are the citizens like in early Rome?
A
they are largely farmers and citizen soldiers
4
Q
How was the government set up in Rome?
A
- Assembly
- Senate
- Consuls
- 2 tribunes
5
Q
Who was a part of the assembly
A
plebians
6
Q
What is a plebian
A
the average citizen
7
Q
What did the senate consist of?
A
- patricians
8
Q
Who are patricians?
A
aristocrats
9
Q
What were consuls
A
- 2 people voted from the senate each year
10
Q
What are the two tribunes?
A
those from the assembly voted to serve on the senate
11
Q
What are the main concerns of the tribunes?
A
- to protect the plebians
- veto laws that unfairly target plebians
12
Q
What happens when Rome makes allies?
A
- they take over central Italy
- Rome eventually takes over Greeks to the South and Entruscans
13
Q
How do people largely fight in this era?
A
phalanx
14
Q
Phalanx
A
- spears
- swords
15
Q
Who was the Italian Alliance dominated by?
A
Rome
16
Q
When was Carthage founded and by who?
A
- founded in 800 BC
- by the Phoenicians
17
Q
Who primarily ruled Carthage
A
merchants and trade
18
Q
What city state is Carthage similar to and why?
A
- corinth
- use mercenaries to fight and were ran by merchants and trade
19
Q
What is south of Carthage?
A
Numidia calvary
20
Q
How was Carthage’s Navy
A
- VERY GOOD
- VERY GOOD MERCENARIES ALSO
21
Q
Why did Carthage begin to butt up against the Italian Alliance?
A
because both wanted Sicily because it is needed to truly rule trade because of its central location
22
Q
What occurs in 264 BC?
A
Sicily v. Carthage because Sicily is part of the Italian Alliance
23
Q
When did the First Punic wars happen?
A
264-241 BC
24
Q
Why did the First Punic wars happen?
A
control over Sicily
25
Who wins the First Punic wars?
Carthage wins because they recruit Sparta to aid in defeating Rome
26
If Carthage won the physical battles, how did Sicily become Romes territory?
Carthage has to secede because they are running low on funds
27
Why do neither Rome nor Carthage become dominant powers after the First Punic War?
- Carthage doesn't have Sicily
| - Rome is upset that Carthage is still powerful
28
When did the Second punic Wars occur?
218-202 BC
29
How does Hannibal trigger the Second Punic Wars?
he marches through the Alps and invades Italy from the North and defeats the Roman army
30
When does Hannibal invade Italy?
217 BC
31
Who joins Carthage against Rome in the 2nd Punic Wars?
Syracuse which is in Sicily
32
What does Rome do when Syracuse joins Carthage?
Rome punishes them by killing their people neighborhood by neighborhood
33
Why did the 2nd Punic War end in another Stalemate?
- Rome can't beat Hannibal
| - Hannibal is tired of fighting
34
What happens in 207 BC?
Skipio (roman) invades Spain
35
In 204 BC, who is in Italy?
- Skipio
| - Hannibal
36
What happened at the Battle of Zama?
- Rome wins the battle
| - Hannibal + Carthage surrender
37
What happens as a result of the 2nd Punic Wars?
Rome gets most of Carthage's territory but Carthage can still trade and make money through trade
38
What eventually ends up happening to Hannibal?
He is found by Rome but kills himself when found
39
Why do politicians want to destroy Carthage?
because Carthage still has trade power
40
When do the 3rd Punic Wars happen?
149-146 BC
41
How did the 3rd Punic Wars start?
the Numidians attack Carthage, and Carthage fights back
42
What happens when the Numidians attack Carthage and Carthage retaliates?
Rome declares war and does not allow Carthage to surrender
43
What happened as a result of Rome not allowing Carthage to surrender?
anyone who is able-bodied is now fighting in the war
44
Who captures the citadel in Carthage?
Rome
45
What happened to Carthage in the 3rd Punic Wars?
It essentially became obsolete because Rome killed mostly everyone and if they weren't killed they were sold into slavery
46
Who dominates the Mediterranean after the Punic Wars?
Rome
47
Who controls Macedonia after King Phillip?
Antigonias
48
Why did Rome attack Macedonia and begin the Macedonia Wars?
Macedonia had helped Carthage attack Rome
49
Who wins the Macedonian wars and what is the outcome?
Rome wins the Macedonian Wars and as a result takes over Greece
50
When did the Seleucid War occur?
133-63 BC
51
How did the Seleucid War start?
Rome attacked many of their kingdoms
52
What happens due to the Seleucid War?
the seleucids get knocked out of existence
53
When did the social war occur?
91-88 BC
54
Why did the social war occur?
Rome was getting all of the power while the Italians were not although they were helping Rome fight
55
What happens as a result of the social war?
every eligible male with property in Italy is now a Roman citizen
56
What has wealth and conquest given Patricians?
slaves to work on Latifundia
57
What are Latifundias?
slave plantations
58
What happens to the Plebians?
they go into debt and have their land stolen by patricians
59
What happens as a result of the widening gap between the rich and poor?
- plebians want the opportunity to have wealth like the patritians
60
What was the popular opinion when it came to plebeians and patricians?
wealth gap good
61
What was an unpopular opinion when it came to plebeians and patricians?
patricians are limited in what they can own so that the plebeians can now get land
62
What major change happened in 100 BC?
the army no longer consisted of only citizens but to a professional army that anyone can join
63
Why was the military shift from citizens to professionals bad?
people were no longer fighting because they were loyal to Rome but because they wanted the money
64
When did the 1st Triumvirate occur?
60-40 BC
65
Who was in the First Triumvirate?
- Julius Caesar
- Pompey
- Crassis
66
Who is Pompey?
excellent war general
67
Crassus
very wealthy senator
68
Where did Caesar invade to outshine Pompey?
Gaul
69
How does Crassus respond to Caesar invading Gaul?
he invades Persia to outshine both Caesar and Pompey but gets killed
70
Who "wins" the 1st Triumvirate?
Caesar because he marches onto Crassus
71
Who is the Pharaoh of Egypt during the first triumvirate?
Ptolemy
72
What does Ptolemy do to Crassus?
he kills Pompey and sends his head to Caesar
73
What is Caeser's reaction to the beheading of Crassus?
- He is upset with Ptolemy and goes after him
| - Ptolemaic is the last Hellenistic kingdom
74
What is the significance of Cleopatra?
Cleopatra proposes an alliance with Caeser and becomes queen of Egypt after defeating Ptolemy. She plans to become co-ruler of Rome by seducing Caeser
75
What would be the impact of Cleopatra co-ruling Rome?
it would unify Greece and Rome because Cleopatra is Greek and they trust her
76
Who becomes dictator for life?
Caeser
77
Who spearheaded the idea that Rome should not have a dictator for life?
Cicero
78
What did Cicero's ideas lead to?
Caesar's assassination by senators
79
When was the second Triumvirate?
44-30 BC
80
Who was involved in the Second Triumvirate?
- Octavian
- Mark Anthony
- Lepidus
81
Who is Octavian?
Caesar's nephew
82
Who is Mark Anthony?
a general that fought under Caesar
83
Who is Lepidus?
a wealthy senator
84
Who was sent to find Caesar's assassin?
Mark Anthony
85
What happens when Mark Anthony prepares an army?
Octavian also prepares an army
86
What does Lepidus do?
he retires
87
Why does Lepidus retire?
he struggles to raise an army
88
Who does Mark Anthony want approval from?
Cleopatra
89
What occurred in 33-32 BC?
a civil war erupts between Octavian and Mark Anthony in which Octavian defeats him
90
Who from the Second Triumvirate ends up committing suicide to avoid capture?
- Mark Anthony
| - Cleopatra
91
What big change happens after Cleopatra's suicide?
there are no more hellenistic kingdoms
92
What offices does Octavian create?
- Priceps
| - Imperator
93
Pricep
highest ranking citizen
94
What was Octavian renamed?
Augustus
95
Who became the first emperor of Rome?
Augustus
96
When did the Roman empire have the first emperor?
30 BC
97
When did Rome divide into two parts
285 AD
98
What does emperor Claudius do?
he sends an army to Britannia to prove glory and fame
99
What is east Rome like?
- high population
- wealthy
- had Hellenism
100
What is west Rome like?
- small towns
- raw materials
- no hellenism because it did not reach the west
101
What are two paths to citizenship in Rome
- join the army
| - citizenship through government (wealthy only)
102
Cursus Honorum
pathway to citizenship through army + government
103
What is the culture in the east?
- trilingual
| - tricultural
104
What is the culture in the west?
- bilingual
| - bicultural
105
What were the religious beliefs of the Hebrews?
- monotheistic
| - covenant: yawhey will reward those who obey his word and worship him
106
Why did the Hebrews rebel against the empire?
they felt the roman empire was pushing polytheism too much
107
What did Rome do as a result of the revolts?
they relocated the Hebrews so there were only small communities
108
Who do the Hebrews consider the Messiah
- descendant of king david
109
Do the Hebrews adopt Hellenism?
They adopt Hellenism and some even become Roman citizens
110
Jesus of Nazareth
- peaceful Messiah
- love thy neighbor + love God
- salvation is reached by following God rather than by rules that you follow
111
Why was Jesus crucified?
his message differed from the one the other religions were saying
112
What does Christ mean?
anointed king
113
What does Christian mean?
follower of the anointed one
114
What were priests responsible for?
- preaching
- baptism
- mass
115
What did deacons do?
helps the priest perform their duties
116
As Christianity expands, who is added to the hierarchy
patriarchs
117
What is another name for the churches supervisors?
- bishops
118
What are the 4 most respected bishops called?
patriarchs
119
Where are the 5 most powerful patriarchs located?
- Jerusalem
- Rome
- Alexandria
- Antioch
- Constantinople
120
Which religious type is scripture more important? : monotheistic or polytheistic
monotheism
121
What is the Tanak?
Old Testament
122
What does the Tanak contain?
- Torah: laws and identities of Hebrews
| - if you are not a Hebrew Christian, the Torah does not apply to you
123
Prophets
lessons the previous prophets have learned from God
124
Wisdom
how to maintain a relationship with God
125
How was the New Testament created?
a bishop met with others and decided which works to include in the official Bible
126
What 3 things are included in the Bible?
- Acts
- Epistles
- Revelation
127
Acts
non-hebrews don't have to follow the Torah
128
Epistles
letter to community explain Christianity and how to be a Christian
129
Revelations
the prophecy of the end of time
130
What hellenistic elements is included in the Bible?
- New Testament is written in greek
- Heaven is an ideal world that humans strive to get to(idealism)
- People have free will, and they choose to follow God or not (Humanism)
131
What percent of people were Christian by 300 AD?
30% of Romans
132
Edict of Tolerance
Christians can practice their faith without persecution
133
Who enacted the Edict of Tolerance?
Constantine
134
Orthodoxy
the correct way to do Christianity
135
Heretic
doing Christianity wrong
136
What is the important of the terms Orthodoxy and Heretic?
They allow the state to step in when it comes to religion, no separation of church and state
137
Who declares Christianity the official religion of Rome and when?
- Theodosius
| - 380 AD
138
Who become enemies of the state after Theodosius's declaration
heretics and pagans
139
What is the relationship between the two terms: Roman, Christian
these terms became almost synonymous after Theodosius declared Christianity the official religion
140
What caused the empire to become unstable around the 200's?
the generals began to try to kill the emperors to gain power and this was easy because since the army was no longer citizen based, soldiers were loyal to their generals instead of the kingdom of Rome
141
What does Diocletian do and when?
In 283 AD he divides Rome into two parts and restructures the government:
- 2 Augusti
- 2 Caesers
142
2 Augusti
- emperor
| - emperor's successor
143
2 Caesars
- vice emperor
| - vice emperor's successor
144
Why did Diocletian implement 4 rulers?
- much more control was allowed because all 4 men are placed in different parts of Rome
- stops revolts throughout the empire
145
Where is the Christian capital Constantinople located?
East
146
Where are the Huns located?
grasslands of mongolia to the edge of eastern europe (steppe nomads)
147
How did the Huns prefer to fight?
they rode horses and fought with bow and arrows
148
Which two groups get conquered by the Huns?
- slavs
| - german
149
How do the Germans react to being attacked by the Huns?
they attempt to take refugee in Rome but the west is unable to handle bringing in 200,000 refugees because their current population is only 1 million max
150
How does West Rome solve the population issue with the Germans?
they let in some refugees as allies and there is a tribe set up by the border they are assigned to defend
151
What are the four groups of Germans?
- Visigoths
- Ostrogoths
- Franks
- Anglo Saxons
152
Where did the Visigoths and Ostrogoths defend?
the poorer part of the East
153
Where did the Franks defend?
Northwest
154
Why do the Visigoths revolt against Rome?
the land they defend is not arable therefore they are starving
155
How does the Roman emperor react to the Visigoth's revolt?
he attempts to defeat them but is killed in battle
156
What do the Visigoths do it 410 AD?
they realize the western emperor is weaker so they occupy the west
157
What problem does Honorius have?
there are refugees being led over the frozen river by bangals
158
How does Honorius solve the Bangals problem?
he sends the visigoths to destroy the bangals. when they do, they get to occupy spain and their king becomes roman governor
159
Where do the Franks take over?
Gaul (modern day france)
160
Where are the Angle and Saxons hired as mercenaries?
Britain
161
How does the Roman emperor get rid of the ostrogoths?
in 476 emperor sends odoacer to Italy to become governor so all barbarians are now in the west
162
Were the Germans hesitant to adopt Roman culture?
no they happily accepted it
163
What were the requirements to become a Roman leader?
- rank officially given by the emperor
| - christian
164
Comes
count
165
Dux
dukes
166
Romano-German
mixture of people, law, and customs
167
Who was Isidore?
- bishop
| - visigoths
168
Where did the Visigoths occupy and how long?
- spain
| - 414-711
169
What does Isidore do?
- writes an encyclopedia of Roman knowledge
| - critical because this did not exist in the west prior
170
Who is Justinius?
he wants to conquer Rome and takes over the ostrogoths
171
What does Theoderic do?
- attempts to unify Romans and ostrogoths
172
What does Boethius do?
- works in Theoderics administration and is a Roman senator
- writes works on philosophy, logic, music theory
- executed
173
Clovis
- unified Gaul under the Franks
- converts to christianity because Romans will see his rule as illegitimate if not
- first Merovingians
174
What did the Merovingians do with pagan temples?
- pagan temples were taken down and repurposed into needed buildings
175
Who was recruited to defend the coastline of Province?
Anglo-Saxons
176
Who occupies Britain?
- Anglo-Saxons
- Christian kelts in the mountains
- small roman kingdoms
177
Who are sent to the Anglo-Saxons in 600 AD?
missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
178
What occurs in 660 with Theodore?
he is sent to England to form the church of England and brings a LIBRARY
179
What is important about Theodore bringing a library to the west?
it includes christian and hellenistic works.
180
What happens to the Eastern Roman empire in the 6th century?
they are essentially a greek empire because they revert to greek government and law
181
Who becomes the Byzantium empire?
hellenistic east
182
Who decides to reconquer the west?
Justinian
183
What does Justinian do?
- takes over north africa
- takes italy from the ostrogoths
- puts a foothole in visigoth spain
184
Why can't Justinian get to the foothole in spain?
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE
185
How does the bubonic plague affect the east?
deaths disruptive to the economy and the military so expansion is basically halted
186
What happens when Rome tries to rebuild after the bubonic plague?
Byzantine empire goes to war with Persia and wins
187
What happens with Byzantine and Persia?
Persia gives them territory
188
Caliph
Arab empire
189
Prophet
messenger and receives messages from God
190
Who is the prophet in Islam?
Mohammed
191
What are the followers of islam called?
Muslim
192
What do the Arabs do to remain unified?
they go raid persia but persia is still recovering from their loss from the byzantine empire so they simply perish
193
Ummayid Dynasty (661-750)
will continue to expand to Afghanistan and into northern Africa
194
What interaction do the Arabs and Visigoths have?
Arabs send an army to defeat the visigoths and they destroy them essentially
195
Abbasids (750-1258)
mixture of Arab, Persian, and Hellenistic culture
196
What happens in the late 8th century?
Byzantine empire is reduced to Greece, Italy, and Turkey
197
What hybrid was the Carolingian empire?
- Roman
- Christian
- German
- Pagan
198
Who is the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?
clovis
199
Why does the merovingian dynasty decline?
it begins to be fractured because land is divided among the king's son when he dies
200
Who becomes extremely powerful in the merovingian dynasty and why?
- nobles
| - they gained power because sons of kings needed their help in securing the best land from their brothers
201
What were nobles called?
Mayor of the Palace
202
Charles Martel (714-741)
- defeats the Arabs because they begin to raid Frank territory
- THE HAMMER
203
Pepin the short (741-768)
- wants to eventually become king of the Franks so he sets off to be crowned by a patriarch in Rome
- ^ alliance with the Pope: be king in exchange for protection from the Lombards
204
What did Charles the Great (r. 768-814) do?
- reconstitutes the western roman empire
- defeats the lombards
- attempts to attack the arabs because they arent christian and fails
205
What is the byzantine emperor's reaction to a Frank being named Roman king?
he is upset
206
What is the significance of the elephant gift given to Charlemagne?
Caliph knew that Charlemagne could not give a gift of equal status so the caliph was considered more powerful
207
Where did the Northumbrian Renaissance happen?
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom
208
Why did the Northumbrian Renaissance start?
Theodore brought a library and established the church of England
209
Bede
writes new information; history of the anglosaxons
210
How did the Carolingian Renaissance start?
Charlemagne brought over scholars from Northumbria to France to teach his empire
211
Alcuin
educating people in the church and the rulers of the carolingian empire
212
Einhard
- wrote a biography of charlemagne
| - his writings followed ROMAN writing structure
213
How was Romanesque architecture created?
Charlemagne brought people from Italy to build in Rome
214
Treaty of Verdun 843
Charlemagne's grandsons come to an agreement on who gets what land
215
What brings us to the Treaty of Verdun 843?
Charlemagne's son has 3 sons who fight over which land they occupy
216
What does the Frank Empire split into after the Treaty of Verdun?
- West Franks
- East Franks
- Middle Franks
