Unit 2 Revision Flashcards
Risk assessment
Identifies potential hazards.
Assess the likelihood of them occurring.
Describes steps to minimise their occurrence.
Hazards associated with fieldwork
Terrain
Weather conditions
Isolation
Tide
Point Count
Recording all individuals seen from a fixed point.
Elusive species can be sampled using…
Camera traps
Scat sampling
Taxonomy
Naming and classifying organisms into groups based on their characteristics.
Model organisms and their taxonomic groups
Nematode: Caenorhabditis elegans
Bacterium: Escherichia coli
Arthropoda: Drosophila melanogaster
Gametocytes
The precursors of male and female gametes.
Formed inside red
blood cells and released
into the bloodstream when red
blood cells burst.
What is a model organism?
One that has been extensively studied and/or is easy to study.
Very important in the advancement of modern biology
Nematodes are…
Arthropods are…
Chordates are…
worms.
insects.
vertibrates.
Phylogenetics looks at…
morphology, DNA sequences, and protein structure.
What does mark and recapture assume?
All individuals have an equal chance of capture.
There is no immigration or emigration.
Individuals that are marked and released can mix randomly with the whole population.
Methods of marking
Banding
Tagging
Surgical Implantation
Painting
Hair clipping
Natural selection and sexual selection are __________ processes.
Non-random
Genetic drift is a ______ process.
Random
Genetic drift
Occurs when chance events
cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies.
More important in small populations as alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool.
Rate of evolution is rapid when…
Selection pressures are strong.
HW equation
p^2 + pq + q^2 = 1
p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
p^2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype
q^2 = frequency of homozygous recessive
Absolute fitness
frequency of a particular genotype before selection
Relative fitness
number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype
Mutualism
Both organisms gain from the relationship, the interaction is (+/+).
Commensalism
Only one of the organisms
benefits (+/0).
Parasitism
Parasite benefits and the host is harmed as the result of the loss of these resources (+/-).
How do asexually reproducing organisms increase variation
Horizontal gene transfer.
Linked genes
Genes on the same chromosome
Non-specific defence examples
Physical barriers
Chemical secretions
Inflammatory response
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Natural killer cells
Identify and attach to
cells infected with viruses, releasing chemicals that lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis.
Specific cellular defences
If tissues become damaged or invaded, cells release cytokines that increase blood flow
resulting in white blood cells accumulating at the site of infection or tissue damage.
