UNIT 2: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

looking back in time makes an event seem as though it were inevitable to happen; ex. after something happens, it just seems so obvious

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2
Q

Overconfidence

A

occurs when we are more confident that we know something than we are correct

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3
Q

3 Underlying Parts to Science

A

curiosity (need to find the truth), skepticism (seek proof), and humility (admitting he/she is wrong)

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4
Q

Scientific Method

A

hypothesis, procedure, observation, conclusion, and report findings

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5
Q

Theory

A

an explanation that organizes observations and tries to predict outcomes

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

a prediction that can be tested

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7
Q

Operational Definition

A

made to cut down on bias; has two parts: (1) a precise statement of the experimenter’s procedures and concepts and (2) something that is measured numerically ; should be detailed enough to enable other scientists to replicate the experiment

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8
Q

Subjectivity

A

a judgement based on or including a person’s opinion or emotions

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9
Q

Objectivity

A

a judgement that has had opinion or emotion stripped away from it

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10
Q

3 Main Types of Research Methods

A

description (case study), survey, and naturalistic observation

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11
Q

Case Study

A

a thorough study of one person in hopes of learning about people in general

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12
Q

Survey

A

asks questions and deals with many more people (cases), but in much less depth; easily quantifies data (turn something into numbers)

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13
Q

Issues with Surveys

A

wording and random sampling

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14
Q

Wording

A

results of the survey can be dramatically different depending on the wording of the survey and/or the question order

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15
Q

Random Sampling

A

surveys must be from a representative sample of whatever group they’re trying to represent. To get a representative sample (where the small-group truly represents the whole group), the survey-takers must come from a random sample

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16
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

watching a person or animal behave in its normal surroundings

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17
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

used to measure how closely two things go together (or not); seen numerically or in scatter plots

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18
Q

Numerical Correlation Coefficient

A

on a scale from 1.0 to -1.0; ex: 0.95 (very high), -0.87 (very high), 0.00 (no correlation)

19
Q

Scatter Plots

A

graphs with the two things on the X and Y axes and dots scattered throughout the graph

20
Q

Correlation and Causation

A

just because the two things correlate, it’s incorrect to say A causes B; only an experiment shows causation because it isolates one variable to be tested

21
Q

Random Selection

A

the participants come from a large population and are randomly selected

22
Q

Random Assignment

A

the participants are randomly assigned to either the control or the experimental group

23
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

a technique where the participants and researchers don’t know which group they’re in and/or the hypothesis being tested

24
Q

Placebo Effect

A

though fake, participants think it’s real and have real positive benefits

25
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

what the experimenter manipulates; this is the only thing different between the experimental and control groups

26
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

what the IV supposedly affects; the DV is what is measured

27
Q

Confounding Variables

A

these are other factors that might make the experiment go wrong; these are factors that might affect the DV

28
Q

Central Tendency

A

refers to the center of a bunch of numbers; the three usual measurements include mode, mean, median

29
Q

Mode

A

the number which occurs most frequently

30
Q

Mean

A

the average

31
Q

Median

A

the middle number

32
Q

Range

A

the distance between the lowest and highest numbers in a group

33
Q

Standard Deviation

A

a measurement of how much the numbers vary from the mean (average); if the numbers are close, the SD is low, and vice-versa

34
Q

Normal Curve

A

also called “bell curve,” it is often occurs in nature with things like height and intelligence scores on a test

35
Q

Validity

A

one of two pillars of measurement; it is a test or bit of research that measures what it’s supposed to measure; ex. you took a test called “Geography Test” but it was algebra. Your score does not reflect your geography knowledge and the test is not valid

36
Q

Reliability

A

the test yields the same results over and over; to make test as reliable as possible is to have representative sampling (random selection of participants), low variability (low ranges and low standard deviations = more reliable), and more numbers = better results

37
Q

Statistical Significance

A

the observed difference between two numbers is not due to chance; measured by a p-value and goes by the 5% rule (shown like 0.04/4%); ex. scientists will say the numbers are statistically significant if there is less than a 5% chance that they were caused by chance

38
Q

APA (American Psychological Association)

A

suggests two things: informed consent (participants know what’s happening and consented) and debriefing (once study is finished, participants and researchers go over it)

39
Q

Case Study (continued)

A

Purpose: to gather information
Strengths: inexpensive, can have a single participant
Weaknesses: individual cases can be misleading, doesn’t show causation

40
Q

Survey (continued)

A

Purpose: to gather information
Strengths: inexpensive, gathers info fast
Weaknesses: wording and bias can alter results, doesn’t show causation

41
Q

Naturalistic Observation (continued)

A

Purpose: to gather information
Strengths: inexpensive
Weaknesses: individual cases can be misleading, doesn’t show causation

42
Q

Correlation (continued)

A

Purpose: to find the relationship between two things
Strengths: handles large numbers of people/data
Weaknesses: doesn’t show causation

43
Q

Experiment (continued)

A

Purpose: to find cause-and-effect
Strengths: shows cause-and-effect
Weaknesses: more costly, ethical factors may make it impractical