UNIT 1: History & Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Socrates & Plato

A

used logic to decide that the mind is separate from the body, and that knowledge is innate (born with us)

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

believed that knowledge comes from observing experiences

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3
Q

Rene Descartes

A

he was interested in how the physical body and non-physical mind work together; he dissected animals to view their brains and nerves

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4
Q

Francis Bacon

A

used the scientific method to conduct experiments; called the father of modern medicine

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5
Q

John Locke

A

wrote that people are born with minds that are a “blank slate”; this created the birth of modern empiricism

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6
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge comes from experiences

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7
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

created the first psychology lab in Germany; measured the time it took people to hit a switch as soon as they heard and perceived a sound

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8
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

the whole is greater than the individual parts

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9
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s idea that childhood and the unconscious drives a person’s behavior

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10
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

the first structuralist; encouraged introspection (looking inward)

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

the structure of the mind

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12
Q

Instrospection

A

looking inward; had problems, such as it was unreliable and that people often don’t know what or why they feel what they feel

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13
Q

William James

A

began functionalism; allowed Mary Calkins (first APA female president) to enter Harvard grad. school

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14
Q

Functionalism

A

interest in the functions of things- the function of the nose, the brain, etc.

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15
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

earned the first Ph.D for a woman and was the 2nd female APA president

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16
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific and systematic study of people’s behavior and mental processes

17
Q

Scientific and Systematic

A

refers to the scientific method (experiments) and to a logical, orderly way to gather and analyze information

18
Q

Behavior

A

refers to something observable, like laughing or fidgeting one’s hands

19
Q

Mental Processes

A

refers to the biology of thinking, analysis, judgments, and subjective (internal things like feelings, perceptions, beliefs.)

20
Q

Nature-nurture Issue

A

which influences a person the most, their heredity and biology (nature) or their upbringing and surroundings (nurture)

21
Q

Charles Darwin

A

developed the theory of evolution - from chance genetic mutations, he theorized that nature selects those traits that best allow a species to reproduce and survive

22
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

encompasses (1) biological, (2) psychological, and (3) socio-cultural influences

23
Q

Biological Approach

A

Olds, Sperry - the body and brain are the dominant influences of behavior and thinking

24
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A

Darwin - nature selects traits that allow a species to survive

25
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A

Freud - the unconscious drives peoples’ behavior

26
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

Watson, Skinner - behavior is due to reinforcement, like rewards and punishment

27
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

Piaget, Chomsky - focuses on how we store, process, and use information, like a computer

28
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Rogers, Maslow - environmental influences, especially love and acceptance, determine if we become all we can in life

29
Q

Socio-cultural Approach

A

behavior and ideas are different depending on the culture

30
Q

Psychometrics

A

the study of our abilities, attitudes, and traits

31
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

treat disorders

32
Q

Psychiatrists

A

medical doctors (M.D.s) and thus can prescribe medicine to treat biological disorders