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AP U.S. History > Unit 2 Quiz Review (130-182) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Quiz Review (130-182) Flashcards

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1
Q

republicanism

A

form of government; way of life; core ideology; uncompromising commitment to liberty and equality

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2
Q

liberty vs. order

A

how to balance freedoms and individuals’ rights with government control and ability to create a cohesive harmony between freedom and authority

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3
Q

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786)

A

Virginia cuts ties with the church and state
States did not like ideas that contradicted the Christian ideals, so the government decided that church and state should not influence one another

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4
Q

Society for the Relief of Free Negroes, Unlawfully Held

A

Founded by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1775
Organization that went against slavery - started wave of anti-slavery movements from Massachusetts to Virginia and states started to prohibit slavery (Pennsylvania in 1780 and Vermont in 1777)
Didn’t stop systematic discrimination

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5
Q

African Methodist Episcopal Church

A

1816 - church developed by black Americans to escape the racism present in society, law, church, military
Free but not equal

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6
Q

Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693)

A

Created by John Locke about how the father/husband doesn’t get to treat his family however he pleases
Abuse experienced in the developing stages of a person affected how an adult treated their family (upbringing determined abusive adult)
Against tyranny in the household

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7
Q

State Constitutions

A

In May 1776 - 2nd Continental Congress promoted states to create their own constitutions and written documents
Constitutions to develop own laws in the state that were not already stated in the federal government

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8
Q

Natural Rights

A

freedom of speech, religion, and press
protection from unlawful searches and seizures
reduced power of governor (no political appointments or veto power)
Power of legislatures
Power to people through voting

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9
Q

John Dickinson

A

Wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (a revolutionary pamphlet)
Believed in strong central government
July 12, 1776 - met with committee and wanted: loose confederation, western states and land under federal government, equal state representation, and taxes paid to Congress based on population

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10
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

1st federal constitution
weak central government and strong state government; Congress had no power to tax
2-7 delegates if a tie on voting
Needed unanimous decision to amend the constitution
Government = foreign relations, military matters, Native affairs, and interstate affairs
Each state got 1 vote
Results were almost failure and caused tremendous problems

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11
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

640 acres for $1 and pay for whole thing; came in 36 sections and equals a township
way for government to make money and organize settlement

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12
Q

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A

help territories become a state
3-5 territories; governor, 3 judges, secretary
Guaranteed a trial by jury, freedom of religion, due process, outlawed slavery

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13
Q

Nationalist

A

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Robert Morris
Liked British Ideals, strong central government, diverse economy, and wealthy were fit to run the government
Wanted major reforms to Articles
Wanted 5% tax on imported goods

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14
Q

Impost Act 1781

A

to reduce national debt and collect 5% duty on imported goods; 12 of 13 voted yes (Rhode Island didn’t accept) = wasn’t ratified since not unanimous

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15
Q

Localists

A

Richard Henry Lee, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Jefferson
Believed in Democratic Republican beliefs
Suspicious of Morris’s plan and thought would threaten moral fiber - against national bank

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16
Q

Newburgh Conspiracy (1782)

A

soldiers protested for pay from their efforts
Hamilton and Morris took this as an opportunity to show the Americans that the Articles needed amending w/ threat of military takeover
George Washington confronted soldiers and gave tearful speech about how he failed them and he deserves credit for preserving civilian rule in country

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17
Q

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1786)

A

July 21, 1784 - Spain closed lower Mississippi River to citizens of the US which devastated western farmers as the Ohio Valley relied on it and Congress
1786 - Gardoqui talks with John Jay and made a deal where America would sell directly to Spain and US wouldn’t use Mississippi for 25 years (north’s favor and outraged Southerners)
Terminated negotiation with Spain

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18
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Spirit of the Laws (1775) - stated that a republican government wouldn’t last on large scale because the people would lose direct control over representatives and would lead to tyranny
States abused rights of property and ignored minority interests
James Madison rejected this belief

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19
Q

Federalist Papers #10

A

Written by James Madison
Believed that small states abused power as they tyrannized the unanimous decisions (Rhode Island)
Believed that competing factions would neutralize each other and leave the most virtuous persons to run the central government

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20
Q

Annapolis Convention

A

Poor attendance with only 5 states sending delegates and was convinced to be held by Madison to discuss matters beyond politics and commercial regulations
Congress agreed to hold another convention in Philadelphia

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21
Q

Shays Rebellion

A

In Massachusetts due to famine and crop failure
Farmers left in poverty due to debts to eastern creditors with high taxes and high interest and the state government was insensitive to help with problem
Led by Daniel Shays in 1786 and threatened to seize Springfield arsenal
Rich Bostonians threatened to make 4000 man army
Then next general election, voters selected representatives more sympathetic to Shays’s demands and new assembly was made to reform debtor law
Nationalists saw breakdown of law and order and was time to talk about a strong central government which persuaded the states to meet in Philadelphia

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22
Q

Philadelphia Convention

A

Held in 1787 with no press as to be as honest as possible (Vegas Rule)
No Rhode Island (refused to participate) but 55 delegates showed and made up of practical men (lawyers, merchants, and planters)
No John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry (Adams and Jefferson in Europe and Henry didn’t like the idea)
George Washington, James Madison, George Mason, Robert Morris, James Wilson, John Dickenson, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton (all white men)

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23
Q

Virginia Plan

A

Written by Madison (who also wrote the Constitution) and Edmund Randolph brought it foreward
Created a bicameral legislature (had most power and one was voted on by people and the other chosen from first House by nominations by states), representatives correlated to population, and executive is elected by Congress

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24
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

June 15, 1787
Written by William Patterson (lawyer and Associate of US Supreme Court) and created unicameral legislature, each state had one vote, Congress could tax and regulate trade, and wanted small states to have some power

25
Q

Great Compromise

A 
The Senate (Upper House) had equal representation (two per state and Vice President breaks tie) and the House of Representatives (Lower House) was proportionate with state's population (1 representative with 30,000 people)
Lower House dealt with money issues
26
Q

3/5 Rule

A

every 5 slaves equaled 3 free voters (wanted to lower population of the south) for Lower House representation

27
Q

Slave Trade

A

North didn’t want slavery, but South relied on it

No trade laws made until 2/3 majority and was not interfered with it until 1808

28
Q

Committee of Detail

A

Made the branches of the government and came up with the Electoral College
The 2nd largest vote was the VP and was usually an opponent to president and if there was no majority vote on president the decision went to be voted on in the House
Executive has veto power but can be overridden by 2/3 majority from the House and Senate and can appoint judges in Supreme Court

29
Q

Electoral College

A

Elected the president and was chosen by each state

Number of votes is representatives + senators

30
Q

Federalist

A

Rich, wealthy, merchants/artisans
Wanted a strong centralized government and order was important and there was natural aristocrats meant to rule (not everyone fit to run government; only wealthy could rule) and were commerce oriented

31
Q

Anti-Federalist

A

Poorer and agrarian (agriculture) based
Weak central government, liberty most important, suspicious of political power and less educated, direct contact with representative, and should focus on agrarian roots

32
Q

Federalist Papers #84

A

Written by Alexander Hamilton

Checks and balances in the constitution and government, no branch should hold more power than the others

33
Q

Bill of Rights

A

1st Amendment - speech, religion, press, peaceful assembly, and to petition the government
2nd - state regulated militia and right for citizens to bear arms
3rd - no forcing citizens to quarter troops in time of peace unless in times of war (can be changed with Supreme Court ruling)
4th - privacy against unlawful searches and seizures and need a warrant if not presented with probable cause and affirmation of judge/court (if probable cause, can search)
5th - right to remain silent and not to be a witness against oneself; life, liberty, and property to be compensated for public use; and no double jeopardy unless more evidence or another crime is found
6th - right to speedy and public trial with right to jury in favor of suspect
7th - right to sue if damages are over $20
8th - no excessive bail or cruel and usual punishment
9th - federal or state government cannot infringe on life, liberty, or property rights
10th - anything not stated within the constitution goes to the states or the people

34
Q

Jeffersonians

A

Localists led by Thomas Jefferson
Agricultural based, inspired by French, focused on Common Folk, no large debt, and strict construction of constitution (not in constitution, can’t do it) (rural)

35
Q

Judiciary Act of 1789

A 
creation of Supreme Court
Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5 associate justices; created 13 district courts
If found guilty, can go to a higher court to be reviewed and appeal case
36
Q

Tariff of 1789

A

5% tax on all imports (controversial) (South vs. North)

37
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A 
Led the Federalists/Nationalists
For diverse economy, inspired by Great Britain, wealthy class to govern, okay with debt, and loose following of constitution (not word for word and implied powers) (urban)
38
Q

Report on Public Credit

A

Jan. 14, 1790 written by Hamilton
Debt was $54 million and was from Revolutionary War, foreign loans, owed citizens ($40 million to 20,000 people) and $25 million to states
Solution: US promised to fund its foreign and domestic obligations at FULL face value (needed to pay to gain trust with others for commerce and trade)
New government bonds at a moderate rate and secretary urged the federal government to assume responsibility for paying the remaining debt
Problems: Some saw this reducing power of the states (Massachusetts and South Carolina already paid off debt); Solution: Move the capital to the Potomac River to get it passed

39
Q

Report on the Bank

A

National Bank - January 1791
Create a depository for the US government, issue currency, 80% private/20% public
Problems: control of the bank in private sector, wealthy seemed to get an advantage, nothing in the constitution
Solution: Implied Powers, and loose construction of constitution
Needed bank for government to run
Passed on February 25, 1791

40
Q

Implied Powers

A

If not specifically stated in constitution, meant that the federal government could take initiative upon the matter

41
Q

Report on Manufactures

A

December 1791 Hamilton
Government to stimulate manufacturing in economy, free US from Europe, diversify the country economy, protect own industry with protective tariffs (make Americans buy American products)
Madison and Jefferson saw problem of other nations making same tariffs thus preventing America making profits
Didn’t pass

42
Q

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A

While France and Britain were at war, America declared to stay neutral and not pick a side as to reap the economic benefits from both nations
Not allied politically but allied economically if recognized neutrality

43
Q

Jay’s Treaty (1794)

A

John Jay sent to Britain as in 1793 Britain blockaded French ports from US vessels trading in French West Indies
Main objectives: remove British troops and forts in US, payments for seized ships in West Indies, improve commercial relations, acceptance of neutrality
Didn’t accomplish removal of troops, but allowed small American ships to trade in British West Indies but also rejected neutrality (Royal Navy continued to search for contraband and impress soldiers), wouldn’t pay for seized ships until merchants’ debts to Americans was paid off from before Revolution
Not in US interest and resulted in outcry, many were disappointed in results

44
Q

Battle of Fallen Timbers

A

Led by General Anthony Wayne where the native resistance was crushed (didn’t receive any British help) which led them to agree to the Treaty of Greenville (US gained land that is now Ohio)
1796 - British headed for Canada

45
Q

Pinckney’s Treaty (San Lorenzo) 1795

A

Opening of Mississippi, rights to deposit goods in New Orleans w/o duties, secure boundary on 31st parallel (Florida west to Mississippi)
Promise to stay out of native affairs after prompting natives to attack American settlers
Senate ratified w/o dissenting votes

46
Q

Gazette of US (1789)

A

Made by John Fenno and supported Hamilton’s politics (newspaper)

47
Q

National Gazette (1790)

A

Made by Philip Freneau and supported Republican politics

48
Q

Whiskey Tax (1791)

A

Tax on distilled whiskey and threatened to put Farmers in Pennsylvania to go out of business

49
Q

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

A

Farmers who grew corn were attacked (Whiskey allowed for longevity of corn) so began protest
Washington and Federalists saw direct political challenge so sent Hamilton with 15,000 militiamen to march against the rebels; only two arrested (one was drunk and the other was mentally disabled), both pardoned (protestors had disappeared)
Republicans gained electoral support

50
Q

Farewell Address (1796)

A

Washington declared retirement from presidency (written mostly by Hamilton)
Warned of political factions, against permanent foreign relations, and wanted moral and religious people in government
Allowed the Federalists an upper hand as Republicans had little time to prepare for next election (declared in September and election in November)

51
Q

Quasi-War

A

“Fake” War; neither side declared war (US and France)
France seized American ships as Britain recognized US neutrality so US showed economic alliance which meant against France and tried to influence 1796 election in Republican favor
Led to XYZ affair

52
Q

XYZ Affair

A

Federalists wanted war after Quasi-war and even started to prepare for it despite Adams rejecting
Sent Marshall, Pinckney, and Gerry to negotiate and Talleyrand sent three representatives that said he wouldn’t negotiate unless paid $250,000 and “loans” of millions of dollars
Marshall and Pinckney and Adams referred to these three as X, Y, and Z in efforts to suppress the cries of war from the Federalists
This conspiracy was named the XYZ Affair

53
Q

Newspapers

A

Saw opinion + rumor = fact; officials dragged through the mud (Jefferson = coward and Hamilton = adulterer) (even Washington accused of being a British spy in the Revolutionary War)
Fisher Ames stated that the press was a match against the government

54
Q

Alien Enemies Law (1798)

A

Part of the Alien Acts by the Federalists
Allowed the president to detain or deport citizenship of nations the US at war w/ for what he deemed suspicious behavior (since no war declared, never went into effect)

55
Q

Alien Law (1798)

A

Part of the Alien Acts by the Federalists
Allowed president to expel any foreigner from US by executive decree (limited to two years and Adams didn’t exercise or enforce this law but some Frenchmen fled in fear of being arrested)

56
Q

Naturalization Law (1798)

A

Part of the Alien Acts by the Federalists
14 year probationary period before foreigners could apply for US citizenship (focused on the Irishmen that voted Demo.-Rep. and kept them from the polls for as long as possible)
Federalists entrusted the courts to enforce this act

57
Q

Sedition Law (1798)

A

Struck at free political exchange in criticism of the government (would be seen as criminal libel and be charged with fines and imprisonment)
Undermined the 1st Amendment but constitution didn’t condone lies against the existence of the nation
Wanted to eliminate opposition in the press and willing to sacrifice freedom for it
Jefferson and Madison saw a police state starting to form

58
Q

Kentucky Resolution (1798)

A

Created by Jefferson and was against anything advanced by Hamilton
Every state had the right over any authority not mentioned in the constitution and rejected the loose interpretation by Hamilton
Kentucky thought this was radical in saying the states had the power to overthrow the federal government, but agreed the acts were unconstitutional

59
Q

Virginia Resolution (1798)

A

Created by Madison and is tamer than the Kentucky as it didn’t state the states had the power to overthrow the federal law but stated that the states needed to protect and defend people’s rights

AP U.S. History (4 decks)

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