Review for Unit 1 Test Flashcards
Columbian Exchange
Exchange between mostly Americas and Europe (New World and Old World)
Europe got potatoes and corn (along with pineapples, cocoa, vanilla, tomatoes, and peanuts)
Natives received wheat, sugar, and tobacco (animals such as chickens, horses, pigs, and cows)
Smallpox brought over and decimated nearly 90-95% of tribes
Richard Hakluyt
Basically wrote advertisements for America
Kept the British dream of American colonization alive and insisted that American colonies were essential to economy
Made America sound no short to paradise
Never actually saw America
John Rolfe
Brought tobacco to Virginia
Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia + Maryland - similar to Southern Colonies
Cash Crops (tobacco)
Slavery + Plantations
Great and Small Planters (land determined social status)
Women would marry to rich plantation owners
House of Burgesses
Battle of Yorktown
Roger Williams
Went against the Puritans:
1. extreme separatist
2. Charter didn’t ask Native = not valid
3. Shouldn’t punish for religious beliefs - “God’s not men’s responsibility”
In 1636 banished and founded Rhode Island
New York Colony
Originally called New Netherlands in 1624 and owned by the Dutch West India Company (Fort Orange/Albany and New Amsterdam/New York City
England sent Richard Nicholls in 1664 and the Dutch surrendered and the English let the Dutch remain
Duke’s Laws 1665
Main crop = wheat
Location for Stamp Act Congress and Battle of Saratoga
Half-Way Covenant
1662 - allowed grandchildren to become baptized to be under the church but did not allow for full political rights
Mercantilism
Economic principle to focus on selling (increase exports and decrease imports)
Monopolize finite resources
Used by British Imperialism
Dominion of New England
Created by James II in 1686 to 1689
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth, New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire all under one area
Sir Edmund Andres was Royal governor - alienated Puritans, abolished elected assemblies, and enforced Navigation Acts (no more salutary neglect)
1st Great Awakening
Unified religious movement that occurred at different places at different times
First appeared in New England in 1730s
Stated that organized religion lost vitality; ministers stuck on dull, scholastic matter that no longer touched the heart
Proclamation of 1763
Attack on property as Parliament prohibited granting land past the Ohio Valley as to not start war with the Natives
Army seen as costly obstruction to Americans
Boston Massacre
1770 - After rocks and snowballs being thrown at them, British soldiers shot into a crowd of unarmed Americans
Life was violated
5 were killed
Lexington and Concord
1775 - Gage sent troops to seize rebel supplies
Paul Reevre said the British are coming
Militia stood against British at Lexington (didn’t intend to fight)
“Shot heard around the world”
Bunker Hill later (mixed results, although British technically won)
8 Americans laid dead
Battle of Saratoga
General Burgoyne sent 7000 troops from Canada to Saratoga
Aug. 1777, Bennington overwhelmed the Hessian mercenaries
Surrenders with 5800 to Horatio Gates
General Howe moved troops to Philadelphia
American Victory
James Oglethrope
Go against Spanish and help the English poor
Helped found Georgia in 1732 (eventually became a penial colony; like the Australia of the British American Colonies)
Put criminals to fight the Spanish if ever tried to invade
Navigation Acts
1660 - 1) 75% British or colonial crew 2) must go to colonial or British ports first before other nations (loop hole) enumerated goods
1663 - Staple Act - nothing could be sold to American ports unless sold to England first
1673 - plantation duties on enumerated goods - put agents to keep track of duties and competitors
Main purpose to cut out the Dutch and others trying to trade in America (cut out competition) and at first, the New Englanders ignored
Salem Witch Trials
Occurred in 1692 in Salem Village
Arrested on spectral evidence
19 hung, 1 pressed
Eventually a pastor said that it’s better to let ten witches escape than let one innocent person be condemned
Mostly women who accused
Reasons: religious discord, economic tension, misogyny, and fear of Native Americans
Jonathan Edwards
Congregational minister
Accepted traditional teachings of Calvinism and fate is omnipotent God (pre-destination, can’t save yourself from damnation)
Sugar Act of 1764
Revenue Act of 1764 (attack on property)
Wanted to discourage smuggling, bribery, and other illegalities that prevented profit from the Navigation Acts
Reduced tax on molasses to stop bribing of customs collectors
Denied right to assess own taxes (liberty)
Quakers
“Professions of the Light” and “Friends”
No learned ministry
Beliefs from George Fox 1660 “Inner Light” to final God
Everyone could be saved
Humility and simple clothing, didn’t honor worldly possessions or accomplishments
Didn’t swear oaths
William Penn’s Holy Experiment and in 1681 got a charter for Pennsylvania
Stono Uprising 1739
In South Carolina, 150 Slaves took guns and ammo
Marched towards Florida, but militia overtook them and killed most of them
Increased fear and hardships on African slaves
Some were able to become mariners once freed
Bacon’s Rebellion
1675 - Natives attacked
1676 - Bacon asked to attack Natives back, governor said no
Burned down Jamestown and Charles II eventually sent 1,000 troops to hep out Berkley only for both Bacon and Berkley to be dead
Seven Years War
1756-1763
War between French and Native Americans and the British
British victory that left tremendous toll - major event that lead to the Revolutionary War (left Britain in great debt that tried to push onto the colonists)
Ended with Peace Treaty of Paris of 1763
Stamp Act 1765
Had tax on special seals to legalize documents such as newspapers, licensures, diplomas, legal papers, and playing cards (marriage licenses)
Went effect on Nov. 1, 1765
Virginia Resolves to counteract + Stamp Act Congress
Liberty was attacked but didn’t claim independence yet
Thomas Paine
Author of Common Sense - spoke against the king as the crown was never under suspicion (always Parliament)
1st and 2nd Continental Congress
1st (1775) = created “Association” to stop commerce with Britain to make Parliament repeal Intolerable Acts
2nd (1776) = formed continental army with George Washington and wrote the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4, 1776
Against George III
“all men are created equal”
Demand on full rights and equality
Declaration of America’s Independence from Britain
Treaty of Paris 1783
Marking the end of the Revolutionary War on Sept. 3, 1783
US Independence, gained territory east of the Mississippi, fishing rights in the North Atlantic
Promised to pay debts to the British that occurred before the war
Secret negotiation
Battle of Yorktown
American Victory Oct. 19, 1781 Cornwallis surrenders to French and Americans Final Battle of the Revolutionary War "When the World Turned Upside Down"
Immigration
Mostly English (major in 1630s and 40s)
German (1748 and estimated 100,000 migrated before revolution)
Scots-Irish (estimated 150,000 migrated before revolution)
Then eventually convicts to Georgia in 1732
Treaty of Tordesillas
Split the New World and Old World between Spain and Portugal (Spain got New World and Portugal got Old World + Brazil)
Other countries ignored this
1494
Roanoke Colony
Native Troubles
Hard location to get to as to combat the Spanish invading
Established in 1584
Sir Francis Duke left in 1586 due to shipments being later = returned to ghost town
Jamestown
Established by the London Company in 1604 for plantations John Smith took control = traded with Natives, mapped Chesapeake 1609-10 Starving Time In Virginia (Royal Colony)
John Smith
Took control over Jamestown in 1608
Good connection with Natives
New England Colonies
Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut
Subsistence farming, ports, shipbuilding, lumber
Climate not good for farming
Leaders of the Revolution (Most events happened here)
Puritans and Pilgrims
Christian (Anglican)
Act of Religious Toleration 1649
Toleration to individuals who accepted Christ as divinity
Effect of the English Civil War
Anne Hutchinson
Antinomianism - rejected traditional moral law as individuals could get revelation and salvation without the assistance of trained clergy
Claimed that ministers lost touch with God - divine inspiration outside of Bible
1637 was cross-examined
Exiled to Portsmouth, Rhode Island (founder)
Indentured Servants
Bound to contract (4-7 years)
In New England = apprentices
In Southern Colonies = worked on plantations
Women mostly sexually exploited
Carolina Colonies
North + South Carolina
White slave owners and non-white slaves
Slaves after 1690s as Indentured Slaves would leave
Similar to Chesapeake colonies
Cash crops (tobacco, mostly sugar) + Staple Crops
Absolute Lords Proprietors of Carolinas (March 24, 1663) = money through rent (feudal system)
1670 = Anthony Ashley Cooper set up Charles Town
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina - Parliament accepted or rejected laws, caciques (lesser nobles) and Council of Nobles (large land owners)
1719 - Proprietor Governor overthrown
Puritans
Anglican Christian (non-separatists)
New England
1630s and 40s “The Great Migration” (John Winthrop led first large group of colonists from England in 1630)
Came from farming industrial centers
Nuclear families
Survived winter: clean water, healthy climate, and common purpose of “City on a Hill”
Congregationalism - each church independent - Membership at the church allowed sacraments, voting for minister, disciplining, and helping w/ theology
Predestination
1648 - Massachusetts Laws and Liberties (education important to learn how to read bible and Harvard to train priests)
Tea Act 1773
duties on tea eliminated in England
To prevent bankruptcy in East India Company - sold directly to Americans
Violated liberty
Wouldn’t let tea ships unload cargo - led to Boston Tea Party in 1773
1774 - Intolerable Acts as response to Boston Tea Party
Headright System
Pledge Indentured Servitude for 50 acres of land
Land owners got 50 acres for each indentured servant collected (didn’t like becasue after contract took land and left)
Eventually made a 500 acre limit (10 indentured servants)
Led to Slavery
Made by Sir Edwin Sandys in 1618
