Unit 2 Questions Flashcards

Question

What do functionalists view as the causes of under-attainment of the working class?

Answer 1

They claim that the working class fail because schools are meritocratic, and thus they must not be the best pupils

Answer 2

That the education system exists to legitimise ruling class power, so the education system is biased against the working class, existing only to oppress poor pupils

Answer 3

View that schools are middle-class institutions and that teachers label working class children as failures. The children live up to their labels by failing

Answer 4

Refers to the lack of money or possessions

Answer 5

Found that poor parents cannot afford additional resources such as books, computers and space to work

Answer 6

He suggested a link between poor nutrition, particularly during pregnancy, and educational underachievement

Answer 7

The theory that the working class have less culture than middle class children

Answer 8

This is a Marxist theory that suggest that middle class people possess knowledge that they use to benefit their children, such as knowing how to influence school policy, and that working class people do not have access to these skills

Answer 9

Bowles and Gintis suggested that schools are middle class institutions and that they pass on the norms and values of a capitalist society, also known as correspondence theory

Answer 10

Research by the Parliamentary select committee (2014) suggests the problem with schools is that the problem lies with schools and working class children attending outstanding schools are twice as likely to receive A*-C than those who do not

Answer 11

The claim that children gain identity from schools that teachers label working class children as failures

Answer 12

Ball (1981) said that schools stream children on the basis of behaviour rather than ability Goodacre (1986) found that working class children tended to be under marked by teachers and children accepted these labels

Answer 13

Many interactionists have worked with groups of children and found that children who find it difficult to succeed from social groups that reject norms

Answer 14

The biological differences between males and females are overstated

Answer 15

She coined the term genderquake that described the massive shifts that were taking place in traditional gender patterns

Answer 16

See gender as being linked to male and female social roles

Answer 17

Concerned with class and so gender inequality tends to be seen as not important

Answer 18

Believe that schools show that teachers ad pupils share ideas about gender roles and so traditional gender patterns to be reproduced

Answer 19

Showed that the patriarchy extended into schools from the wider society

Answer 20

Concerned about the recent perceived failure of boys and seek policies to overturn this pattern

Answer 21

View gender as a choice, and so suggest that the way children are forced into identity either gender in schools is an unpleasant and aggressive form of social control

Answer 22

Boys and girls learn differently that should be solved by having separate classes for boys and girls

Answer 23

Sue Sharpe suggests that gender differences at school reflect the creation of gender identity

Answer 24

That social class may pay a factor in subject choice with middle-class girls are more likely to opt for male dominated subjects whereas working class girls stick to traditional subjects

Answer 25

As success in education become more associated with femininity, the males concerned will reject success in education to assert masculinity. There is emphasis on girls getting into male dominated topics, but not the other way around. Francis (2000) says that males feel threatened and so distance themselves from femininity as girls move into traditional male areas of achievement

Answer 26

Increased opportunities at work and the accompanying economic independence means that girls no longer need a husband. Sharpes study shows that in the 1970’s females worked for a husband and in the 1990’s here aim was a career

Answer 27

Claims that changes in the family and especially the increase in single mothers mean that boys do not have good male role models in the home

Answer 28

Tend to see that some ethnic minorities are pre disposed to fail in school and look for cultural genetic explanations

Answer 29

Concerned with class so ethnicity tends to be overlooked in favour of he class status of ethnic minorities

Answer 30

Look at labelling theory, teacher racism and institutional racism in being the causes of school under-achievement

Answer 31

Girls from ethnic minorities experiance a double disadvantage, that of sexism and racism

Answer 32

Concerned about the recent perceived failure of boys, claiming that West Indian boys in particular lack suitable role models because single parenthood is more common in that community

Answer 33

There is no evidence to support the idea that some ethnic backgrounds are more or less intelligent than others though it has been proposed by the New Right

Answer 34

Strand (1995) found that in primary and secondary schools, both black and white able children disadvantaged backgrounds failed to make the expected progress

Answer 35

Government data suggests that 10% of children in english school have english as an additional language

Answer 36

Gypsy/Roma travellers show that culture may impact attainment as most gypsum children may attend primary school but not secondary. Chinese children are constantly amongst the highest achievers and this is believed to be due to the parents encouragement

Answer 37

Cecile Wright (1992) found that although teaching staff opposed racist views, they often had stereotypical attitudes. For example, Asian girls were seen as submissive and Black Caribbean boys were seen as having low academic potentially. Childline in 2013 reported incidents of racist bullying

Answer 38

The view that the National Curriculum views ones own culture as central to the understanding of the world damages the self-esteem of non-white pupils

Answer 39

African Caribbean communities tend to have relatively high levels of lone parenthood, which means that families face financial challenge with s a known factor in low school attainment

Answer 40

- Children from benefit-dependent families such as the disabled - Children from lone-parent families - Workless households - Those living in London and the South of England - Large families and many children - Family breakdown and instability - Poor levels of parental education and skills - Children in former industrial areas such as the South Wales Valleys - Family debt - Some ethnic minorities

Answer 41

Government shows that there is a clear link between childhood poverty and adult poverty. The ONS suggests that children have a 7.5x higher chance of poor educational attainment if their fathers also did badly in school

Answer 42

- Parental qualifications - Scottish government data in 2010 found that overcrowding and homelessness affect health - Poor health behaviours (smoking) - The Avon Longitudinal study (2011) found that there was a link between a high fat diet and reduced intelligence in children - Lone parents tend to be poor - Research for the JRF by Goodman and Gregg suggested that poorer families tend to have weak learning environments - The poor are vulnerable to bullying from their peers due to a lack of fashion items - Louise Archer (2007) pointed out the significance of clothing and style in the culture of young people

Answer 43

Young people spend more time outside school and so social factors can significantly influence school attainment including aspirations. The JRF said that the issue was the knowledge of how to achieve ambitions

Answer 44

The poor fail for reasons to do with their own cultural values and lack of ambition. Working class children are culturally deprived

Answer 45

The cultural issue is power and influence. The culture to succeed in eduction is middle-class so working class is not deprived but different

Answer 46

Claim that teachers favour those pupils who resemble the teachers in terms of class and culture

Answer 47

Oscar Lewis studies poor people in Mexico 1940’s and identified the culture of poverty and concluded they had a fatalistic approach to life The poor were seen as responsible for their own behaviours The New Right policy makers claimed the culture of the poor crated crime and social problems Working class failure is due to the working class inability to support their children

Answer 48

Basil Bernstein suggested that there are different ways of using language; restricted code and elaborate code

Answer 49

Type of spoken shorthand, short sentences and a limited vocabulary. Used by the working class meaning they cannot access education as it is made up of elaborate code

Answer 50

Explicit and less dependent on context and a wider vocabulary. Used by the middle-class an in education

Answer 51

Willis (1970) suggested that working class boys were not interested in education. Marxists denied that the culture of the working class causes failure. Keddie claimed that working class is not inferior but different

Answer 52

Pierre Bourdieu pointed out that some children already have access to this knowledge; middle-class families possess cultural capital. Gillies (2005) found parents with high levels of qualifications are able to use their knowledge and influence to benefit their children

Answer 53

Control of knowledge as a form of social control and is linked to inequality

Answer 54

Typical cultural suggestions include; - Mitosis and Browne who suggested that boys are less inclined to be conscientious in schools - Mac and Ghaill said that masculinity is no longer clear. This is the crisis of masculinity - Ruddock found that boys tended to have different approaches to examinations, preferring not to be seen - Carolyn Jackson refers to laddishness and the tendency of boys to be more disruptive in class

Answer 55

The social process that involves a person being given a label by others; this label then affects interaction and behaviour, with the labelling becoming a part of a persons identity

Answer 56

Suggests that teachers may be subject to the Halo effect, so behaviours from pupils labelled as ‘good’ will be accepted, and ‘challenging’ attract punishment. Students labelled as failing form groups of counter-school culture

Answer 57

Suggested that teachers could affect pupil attainment, favouring those hey thought of as intelligent

Answer 58

- Becker (1971) and Rist (1970) found teachers making educational judgements on the basis of social class - Career teachers gave different advice to working and middle class pupils according to Cicourel and Kitsuse (1971) - Pupil behaviour was a factor in putting children into ability streams Ball (1981) - Ethnicity also seems to affect judgements: Wright (1987) found teachers viewed Black Caribbean students negatively - Research by Boaler has pointed out that students taught in a mixed class ability outperformed those is streamed classes

Answer 59

- Small-scale research so is not reliable or generalisable - Does not explain why labels develop in the first place - The theory is deterministic - Ignores that children are also active in making choices not to work - Overlooks the importance of social structures such as class, racism and sexism

Answer 60

When a school as an institution acts as a way that disadvantages a group of people. The National Curriculum is seen as ethnocentric

Answer 61

The different expectation and the labelling of genders effect career aspirations as shown by OFSTED in 2011 who found that though girls were aware of the equality gender, most schools weren’t doing enough to

Answer 62

The government influence what happens in schools. Stroll and Fink (1998) identified the characteristics of sin schools that are typically found in areas of poverty.

Answer 63

Estyn and OFSTED are agencies that report on the responsibilities of schools, judging their effectiveness of examination results and observations

Answer 64

Many schools have bands which many parents are in favour of. This means however that some schools can select up to 10% of their students and there is clear benefits for those in top sets

Answer 65

It links people to culture; teaching of the Welsh language in Wales maintains a cultural tradition that gives people a sense of identity

Answer 66

Modern schools are too concerned with individual examination results and competition

Answer 67

Davis and Moore (1967) argued that the education system allocates people appropriate jobs and career roles

Answer 68

Alcott Parsons views education as a system to bridge between a child’s experience in the home (particularistic views) and their experience in the wider world (universalistic values)

Answer 69

That an anti-learning laddish attitudes are a reaction to academic success

Answer 70

- Transmit culture to children through socialisation - Bridges the gap between the values of home and school, and people gain status on their own efforts - Provides a good and lightly trained workforce - David and Moore suggest that education is meritocratic

Answer 71

- Marxists argue it passes on ruling class values which make inequality acceptable - Most powerful people come from middle-class who had access to opportunities most do not - Most people ‘learn on the job’, schools teach obedience not skills - What of ethnic minorities, the poor and women?

Answer 72

View education as a means of oppressing the working class through passing on ideological beliefs and social structures and processes

Answer 73

Bowles and Gintis see school as a mirror of society, schools oppress children so they can learn obedience for greater society

Answer 74

Their approach is theoretical and does not mean the middle-class are deliberately oppressing the working-class

Answer 75

Evidence of the revolutionary potential among the working-class who misbehave in school because they are resisting vales of capitalism promoted by schools

Answer 76

Althusser argues that schools transmit capitalist ideology and that education is an ideological state apparatus which justifies capitalism

Answer 77

See the hidden curriculum as a negative and oppressive process as pupils have little to no control of their work and Ivan Illich said that schools kill creativity

Answer 78

Children may not be engaged in conscience rebellion against school rules and implies that children cannot judge for themselves the worth of what hey are told by teachers

Answer 79

Pierre Bourdieu identified three types of cultural capital; - Embodied capital refers to class indicators - Objectified capital refers to ownership and access to social markers - Institutionalised capital signifies authority and power

Answer 80

- It challenges the functionalist views that the education system is meritocratic - Provides an explanation of class differences in educational attainment - It highlights the ideological role of formal education

Answer 81

- Overlooks structural inequality relating to ethnicity and gender - Ignores that for many education is a route to better standards of living - It sees teachers as agents of the middle-class - Education cant be designed for the needs of employers as employers often complain about the lack of work-readiness

Answer 82

Lack of education leaves women vulnerable to exploitation from men and the patriarchy

Answer 83

Concerned with discrimination within schools and believe that subjects still remain heavily gendered

Answer 84

The 1980’s

Answer 85

Girls would study domestic sciences and boys would study maths, the sciences and physical subjects like carpentry

Answer 86

Not critical enough of entrenched masculinity, particularly in education where women opt for courses with less paid worl

Answer 87

Claimed that it acted as a powerful reinforcement for gender stereotyping in school. For example McCabe showed that books published between 1900 and 2000 found that 31% had female central characters

Answer 88

They look at the cultural reproduction,power and ideology

Answer 89

- Gendered language in school (Oakley) - Gendered roles in books and the hierarchy of the school (Kelly (1987)) - Gendered stereotyping in reading schemes - The invisibility of women in the curriculum, which is known as symbolic annihilation (McCabe (2014)) - Girls being made to feel uncomfortable in male dominated subjects (Curley (1986)) - Lack of positive role models

Answer 90

Point out that males tend to monopolise knowledge and teacher time, as well as dominate social spaces and are aggressive towards transgressive women. They favour single-sex classrooms, arguing that women’s needs need too be put first

Answer 91

It is too general and not all men are rapists and not all women are victims as well as being deterministic

Answer 92

Focus on the view that children are labelled b teachers and these labels are absorbed by children into their sense of self and children accept these labels

Answer 93

They criticise this ability on the basis that those in top streams gain confidence and do well, whereas those in lower streams absorb the message that they are failures

Answer 94

- Found no link between ability and performance - The effect of ability grouping on pupil attainment is limited

Answer 95

- Children absorb peoples labels - Working-class children are more vulnerable to the labelling process - Low expectations of pupils can result in poor teaching and preparation - Selection on the basis of ability can damage a child’s self-esteem

Answer 96

They gave an intelligence test to a group of children. Then the selected names at random and told the teacher they would receive a boost in intelligence. When tested again a year later some of the names made an improvement. This is meant to prove that teacher believing something made it happen. It has problems with reliability, ethics and validity

Answer 97

- Jones and Dindia (2004) found that teachers praise boys more - Stanworth (1983) found that careers teachers offered strongly gendered advice - Becky Francis recently found that boys were less positively labelled in schools

Answer 98

That teacher racism is the cause of ethic minority failure. This is supported by; - Coard (1971) - Mirza (1992) - Sewell (1997) - Gilbourn and Youdell (2000)

Answer 99

It is based on evidence collected from inside schools and classrooms

Answer 100

- Many of the studies are small scale and unrepresentative of the education system as a whole - Schools are isolated from the wider society and it is likely that teachers and pupils create social constructions that do not reflect the ideas of society

Answer 101

- We choose ideas, products ad clothing - Image and impression management are very important to people - We interact with highly developed technologies - We take spiritual and cultural ideas from a variety for different sources - Individualistic - Consumerism - Absorbed in ‘virtual worlds’ - Society has become unpredictable -Live in information rich societies

Answer 102

The creation of knowledge is an active process and the knowledge of one generation may be incorrect in another. Construction of knowledge is known as discourse

Answer 103

Children from minority ethnic groups have the right to assert their own cultural identity

Answer 104

It is expected that teachers should offer their own values or social agendas and schools should be offering children access to a variety of opinions

Answer 105

Each individual is a personal construct and is engaged in an active process of developing an identity. The role of education is to help decide who they want to be

Answer 106

- They encourage the overlook of structural issues that divide society - They make no suggestion about how to improve education - Hill et al. (2002) claim that some schools are actively making teachers and support staff union members redundant - Their education policy means that individual schools are targeted and expected to ‘improve’ rather that the problems of inequality in society being fully adressed

Answer 107

- Chomsky argues that it argues no factual or empirical evidence - Understands the diversity within society is in the past - No explanation in postmodernism, it simply describes society - Dawkins suggests that it is empty of meaning, using complex language to obscure its emptiness

Answer 108

They hold the view that the stat cannot run a good education system because the is not enough competition. They believe in meritocracy and see the failure of children to attain to be due to the lack of ability or the will to succeed

Answer 109

- Argued that schools have declined as a result of the loss of grammar and secondary schools - Selection is good - Chub and Moe found that poor children in fee paying school achieved better - Lack of accountability means they have not incentive to improve - New teaching methods with active learning were deemed to have failed - Teachers are indoctorinating children into Marxist values

Answer 110

- Encouraging competition - Reducing the power of the local councils in the running of schools ad allowing schools to make many of their own financial decisions - Encouraging employers into schools - Increased testing, inspection and publication of results

Answer 111

- Central control of assessments, the national curriculum, examination results and drinking were put in the hands of government departments - Earmarked funding for specific projects - Assessments by outcome, which means that target setting, performance criteria, league tables and payment of teachers by results has become the norm

Answer 112

- Examination results appear to be improving - Gerard and Gerwitz argue that the middle class can get their children into more desirable schools - Teachers and school managers claim low standards are a reflection of general poverty

Answer 113

- Encouraging competition - Meeting the needs of employers - Improe educational standards - Create equality of opportunity and encourage a meritocratic society - Freedom of choice for parents - To make school accountable - The performance of schools and teachers can be measured by success rates in exams

Answer 114

Random sampling, Stratified sampling, quota sampling, systemic sampling, snowball sampling, volunteer sampling, purposive sampling, opportunity sampling

Answer 115

Each member has the same amount of chances to be picked. Not representative

Answer 116

The population is divided up and then each section is samples. Representative

Answer 117

Researcher calculates ho many people from each group are required to

Answer 118

Gatekeeper is used and then they pass it on and so forth. Not random or representative

Answer 119

Systemic approach to selecting participants. Not completely random but is fairer

Answer 120

People are invited to volunteer. Not representative

Answer 121

A limited time frame and no access to sampling frame. Not representative and saves time

Answer 122

Convenience sampling made of readily available people

Answer 123

A scholarly professional scociety for sociologists in the UK. It has a detailed ethical statement

Answer 124

Consent, deception, confidentiality, anonymity, sensitivity and avoiding harm

Answer 125

The subject should know that the research is taking place. Consent can be withdrawn at any time. There may be times where consent is given on behalf of someone else

Answer 126

Subjects have been misled or are unaware of the aims. Covert research should only be undertaken when essential information can’t be otherwise collected

Answer 127

Protecting the information that is collected. There are legal implications like the Data Protection Act

Answer 128

Participants are not identified. This encourages honesty

Answer 129

Research may touch on a personal issue and so needs to avoid emotional pressure

Answer 130

- Participants should not face any disadvantages - Protecting confidentiality - Protect researcher from harm - Health and safety must be followed - Need to protect emotional and physical well-being

Answer 131

Research used from another study that came from another researcher

Answer 132

Researchers should be aware of what research already exists before conducting there own, it means that they can save time and money

Answer 133

- Can produce primary quantitative data - Can be interpreted to draw conclusions - Digital resources - Personal insights into lives

Answer 134

- Doesn’t explain why - Subjective - Not everyone engages with certain media - Not representative - Edited

Answer 135

- Qualitative - Availability considering how long ago it was - People may be more honest writing a diary - If letters wee written in the correct time, they are likely to be valid

Answer 136

- Unrepresentative - Not everyone writes letters or diaries - Not objective - Not every event old have been recorded

Answer 137

- Quantitative data - Availability

Answer 138

- Can take a long time to publish findings - Data is not collected for sociological reasons - Data changes over time - Compilation of data is not uniform, so reliability and validity are affected - Does not explain why something happened

Answer 139

People act differently when being observed and so observation involves the researcher watching the groups behaviour in their usual setting as through having shared experiences, the researcher is better able to analyse and understand experiences

Answer 140

The researcher is with the group, but not involved in it

Answer 141

- Easier to make record of what is happening - No ethical issues - Researcher can openly ask questions - Quantitative and qualitative - Less likely to be involved in illegal actions

Answer 142

- No ethical issues - Researcher can ask question openly - Note taking is easier and more accurate

Answer 143

- The Hawthorne effect - The issue of how far involved the researcher is

Answer 144

- Ability to study a hard to reach group - Qualitative - Valid if the group acts normally - Data records what actually happened

Answer 145

- Researcher must rely on memory for notes - Gaining access may be difficult - Must not draw attention - Ethical issues - Going native - Could observe something illegal

Answer 146

- All participants are asked the same questions - Interviewers can explain questions - Quick data collection

Answer 147

- Time consuming - Interviewer bias - Limited opportunity for explanation

Answer 148

- In depth with less structure - Conversational - Greater detail - Body language is observable

Answer 149

- Time consuming - Analyses of responses are subjective - Every interview is different - Interviewer bias

Answer 150

- Avoids the disadvantages of others - Open-ended questions - Follow up questions are possible

Answer 151

- Doesn’t allow for all of the advantages of the others - Not standardised, so less reliable - Interviewer bias

Answer 152

- Conversational setting is more natural - Wide-range of responses can be explained - Responses can be collected quickly and is cheaper - New ideas not previously considered

Answer 153

- The moderator needs to be skilled to keep the discussion focused - Some respondents may find this harder - Less representative - Dominant members may influence - Difficult to analyse collected data

Answer 154

- Easy to access - No need for a researcher to be present - Large number of answers - All the same questions so is reliable - Quantifiable - Anonymous

Answer 155

- Options may lead to the least inaccurate chosen which effects validity - No options for explanations - Poor response rate leads to less generalisability - Pilot studies required - Possibility for lying

Answer 156

A theory of research that encourages the use of scientific methods to collect and analyse quantifiable data. It forms quantitative data collection, and focuses on trends that can be measured

Answer 157

A theory of research that there is an importance and meaning behind certain things people do. It is a qualitative research method that is analysed through words, conversation and body language

Answer 158

A theory of research that uses positivist and interpretivist approaches so used a mixed methods of both quantitate and qualitative data and believe what is used should be what is suitable

Answer 159

To find the role of mobile phones in young peoples lives

Answer 160

Self complete questionnaire: a list of closed questions to answer independently from research

Answer 161

- Representativeness - Generalisability - Quantitative data - Reliable

Answer 162

- Moblie phones have become an essential part of your peoples lives - It has changed the nature of relationships - Allowed people more freedom and independence from parents

Answer 163

To investigate if social behaviours can be acquired by observation

Answer 164

Non-participation observation

Answer 165

- Reliable - Valid - Generalisable -Quantitative data

Answer 166

- Children who observed the aggressive model made for more imitative aggressive responses - More partial and non-imitative aggression among the children who had observed aggressive behaviour - The girls in the aggressive model would be physically agressive to males and verbally agressive to females - Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex rather than females - Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than boys -Overall, children are able to learn social behaviours through observation and learning of another person

Answer 167

To find whether what doctors were doing to women who were having babies affected the women afterwards

Answer 168

- Unstructured interviews: interviews each women 4 times before birth and 2 times after birth (2 hours each) - Participant observation: in the delivery room and asking questions

Answer 169

- Qualitative data - Ethical - Reliable

Answer 170

- Understandings of postnatal depression - How gender worked in the home - Difficult to managerial partnership after the birth of a first child - A mothers working conditions don’t simply replace her job conditions as an employed worker

Answer 171

- Measure the amount of crime in England and Wales - Develop and assess policies which aim to reduce the amount of crime - Track the changing levels of crime from one year to the next

Answer 172

- Generalisibility - Representatieness - Valid - Quantitative data

Answer 173

- The amount of crime in Wales - The changing levels of crime

Answer 174

To find out why people become a Moonie and join the religion

Answer 175

- Overt participation: over 6 years Baker lived with Moonies at different centres - In depth interview: 36 at the start of research between 2-12 hours - Questionnaires: A pilot study on a sample of 20, followed by a study on all Moonies in the UK (500)

Answer 176

- Qualitative data - Quantitative data - Reliability - Validity

Answer 177

- Moonies attended courses where they are in carefully controlled situations - Distorted version of the Moonie history was given to enhance its image - Converts were ‘normal’, it was not part of a mass-induced hypnosis - Moonies sometimes target individuals too influence and manipulate - No evidence of coercion

Answer 178

To provide a descriptive account of what life in a gang is like

Answer 179

Covert participation observation: he found a gatekeeper and went undercover observing a Glaswegian Gang

Answer 180

- Not ethical - Qualitative data - Valid

Answer 181

- The had the ability to outwit the police with weapon - Always carried a blade - Rivalry between gangs - Relate to the social conditions that led to such a gang forming - Their core activity was to put themselves into conflict situations