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Statistics And Sociologists Flashcards

1
Q

How does data from he JCQ support the idea that subjects are still heavily gendered?

A

Art subjects, english and social sciences were populated by 75% females

Males dominated the STEM subjects and computing, with 85% of people in computing being boys

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2
Q

What does NAHT show with regards to male to female ratio in leadership positions in schools?

A

In primary school the hierarchy of male to female leadership is 2:1. In high schools around 60% of headteachers are male

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3
Q

What does Culley argue with regards to gender and education?

A

That girls are made to feel uncomfortable in male subject areas. Textbooks depict men in decision making positions and women carrying out deskilled tasks

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4
Q

What attainment 8 statistics show the under-achievement of boys?

A

Girls on average get 48.6, whereas boys get a score of 44

White working class girls get on average 50.8, whereas boys get 46.1

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5
Q

What does the Attainment 8 scores show about educational achievement and social classes?

A

Shows that even in the least deprived areas that those ho are on FSM underachieve in comparison to those who are not. There is a 14.6 gap in score

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6
Q

What does Goodacre (1986) say about labelling theory?

A

Found that working-class children tended to be under-marked by teachers labelling them as things such as failure

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7
Q

What did Ball (1981) find out about bands and social classes?

A

Found that students with middle-class occupations were more likely to be placed in the higher sets

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8
Q

What is the Rosenthal and Jacobson study (1968) show about labelling and self fulfilling prophecy?

A

A test was given to kids in California, AT random names were picked and the teacher was told they would get a boost in intelligence. When tested again some scored higher. Argues that it proves that what teachers expect can affect the outcome. There are issues with the reliability, validity and ethics

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9
Q

What does the Centre of Longitudinal studies (2007) say about cultural deprivation and attainment?

A

By the age of three, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already one year behind others

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10
Q

What does Basil Bernstein (1975) point out about language as a form of cultural deprivation and attainment?

A

He identifies two types of speech codes;
- Restricted code: limited vocabulary, assumes the speaker has the same set of experiences, used by the working-class
-Elaborated code: explicit, less dependent on experience, wider vocabulary, used by the middle-class

These difference in speech code give middle-class an advantage in education as the elaborated code is used by teachers, textbook and exams. It is the failure of the school for not teaching this code

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11
Q

What does Nell Keddie (1973) argue about cultural deprivation and attainment?

A

She argues that low attainment cannot be contributed to being culturally deprived as no such thing exists. She believes that they fail because they are put at a disadvantage by an education system that is dominated by middle-class values

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12
Q

What do Davis and Moore (1967) argue about education?

A

They believe education is meritocratic. Role allocation identifies the more talented people and direct them into lesson, bands and sets that will help them achieve higher paying jobs

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13
Q

What does the Department of education (2012) identify about material deprivation and attainment?

A

Barely a their of pupils eligible for free school meals, typically those of working class, achieve 5 or more GCSEs A*-C

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14
Q

Where are failing school typically located?

A

90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas

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15
Q

What does Marilyn Howard (2001) identify about material deprivation and attainment?

A

People in poorer homes are less likely to receive the nutrition they need resulting in a weakening immune system that may result in more absences from school

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16
Q

What does Richard Wilkinson (1996) say about social classes and attainment?

A

Identifies that, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders, which all have a negative effect on education

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17
Q

Who conducts research into extended families?

A

Michael Young and Peter Wilmott

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18
Q

What does Family and Kinship in East London (1957) by Michael Young and Peter Wilmott say about extended families?

A

Working-class people in London lived in extended families close to their parents

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19
Q

Who supports nuclear families?

A

Talcott Parsons and George Murdock

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20
Q

What does Talcott Parsons claim about the Nuclear family?

A

Parsons claimed that in modern society, the best form of family was a nuclear family. His theory was that;
- Do not require the support of wider family as much in the past
- Women choose expressive roles, where men and instrumental
- Are a form of comfort for men
- Are biological natural and hi developed through evolution to fit the different biological roles of men and women
- Provide the best environment in which to bring up healthy and well-socialised children

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21
Q

What does George Murdock (1949) say about nuclear families?

A

Undertook a review of 250 cultures that led him to the view that the family in all societies have the same four key functions; sexual, reproductive, economic and educational

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22
Q

What is the average age of mothers who have children?

A

In 2013 the average age had risen to 30

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23
Q

What percentage of women do not have a child by 30?

A

20%

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24
Q

What percentage of adults live alone?

A

Approximately 20%

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25
What did Gillies (2003) and Jamieson (1998) suggest about families?
Statistical analysis of family forms and household structures all point to an increased diversity in the ways that people choose to live together
26
What does Crow (2002) suggest about family change?
Family change has been over-stated, and that there has always been a variety of family types, it is simply a matter of fact that people were more discrete about it
27
What percentage of families have more than one children according to the ONS (2022)?
42% of families have more than one dependent child
28
What percentage of families are married or in a civil partnership according to the ONS (2022)?
66% of families were married or in a civil-partnership
29
What percentage of families were cohabitating according to ONS (2022)?
Cohabitating couples accounted for 19% of families
30
What percentage of families are lone parents according to ONS (2022)?
Lone parents accounted for 15% of families
31
What does Lewis (2012) point out about economics and family change?
Government policies are aimed at encouraging women, especially those with children, into the work force
32
What does Flour and Buchanan (2001) say about economics and family change?
Marriage is no longer economically necessary for women, fewer people are choosing to marry
33
What does Silva (2009) suggest about changing technology?
Technology has not changed but not damaged family life. Technological change is a response to social need
34
What does Gergen (1991) say about changing technology in families?
Families have become more fragmented as a result of technology. He describes the saturated family
35
How many people got married in England and Wales according to the ONS (2022)?
There were 246,897 marriages in 2022
36
How much have marriages increased in 2022 compared to 2019 according to the ONS?
Marriages have increased 12.3% in 2022 from 2019
37
What does the ONS show about marriages since 1962?
The number of marriage is falling. The total number of marriages has dropped a third between 1962 and 2008
38
What does Charles Murray (1990) say about the cause of unmarried women?
Links welfare payment to unmarried women, illegitimate births, crime and refusal for men to take responsibility as there is no longer a need
39
How much have divorces increased 2022 decreased since 2021 according to the ONS?
Marriages have decreased 29.5% since 2021. At the lowest since 1971
40
How much have divorces increased since 1971 according to the UK Parliament?
Divorce rates rose from 50,000 per year to 150,000 a decade later
41
What did Fletcher (1996) claim about marriage and divorce?
Claimed that people expected more of marriage than in the past and so would divorce if not happy
42
What did the survey conducted by Seddons (2013) about marriage say?
Out of 450 people, 16% do not want to marry until they have a house. 40% felt they could not afford a wedding. 25% felt marriage was not necessary
43
Why do people choose cohabitation?
Morgan (2012) argues it was because people were scared of divorce
44
What is the trend in cohabitation suggested by the ONS?
Between 1996 and 2012 there was a steady increase in cohabitation
45
What des Chandler eat al. And Smith eat al suggest about singlehood?
Most older people who live alone will not live with other people
46
What does Klineburg (2012) point out about singlehood?
Living alone is seen to be a mark of success among younger people
47
What percent of people were single in 2018?
35% of people in England and Wales were single (never married)
48
When was the the children Act introduced?
1989
49
What did James and Prout (1997) identify bout the social construction of children?
Emphasised the socially constructed nature of childhood. The fact that children are immature is a biological fact, but the meaning people attach to childhood is an area of study. Children’s relationships with adults and other children are worthy of study
50
What does Mayall (1994, 20020 argues about the social construction of children?
Children should be studied because they have expressive and instrumental roles in families. They may support parents and look after siblings
51
What does Sue Palmer (2006) say about childhood?
Modern childhood is toxic because working parents have less time for their children and thus leave them vulnerable to damage through technological junk and television. She claims this leads obesity, self-harm,drug abuse, early sex and parenthood and binge drinking
52
What does Pahl (1989) say about decision making?
Men and women made decisions about different matter, so while women make frequent small decisions, men were responsible for bigger expensive matters
53
What does Gershuny (1992) say about decision making?
She identified lagged adaptation. As more women were going into work, males were having to change but did this more slowly than women
54
What are the HMIC statistic on domestic violence?
269,700 domestic abuse related rimes were reported to police in a year
55
How many women experience domestic abuse according to the ONS?
1.6 million women experienced domestic abuse in England and Wales in the year ending March 2024
56
What do Hilman (2007)and Hastings (1997) suggest about grandparents and family support?
In families with multiple disadvantages, grandparents were providing emotional, practical and financial support often to cost to their own time and earnings
57
How much childcare do grandparents provide?
It is estimated that grandparents provide between 40% and 70% of childcare
58
What did Bryan (2001) identify about caring for the elderly?
Most carers are likely to to be women and men in their forties and fifties
59
What do the Rapoports (1982) say about the family?
They described a list the different types of family diversity; - Family structure - Ethic and cultural variations - Social class - Life course - Cohort
60
What did Anthony Giddens identify as the cause of family change?
Triggered by greater equality between women and men. The cost of this was that relationships were sometimes less stable
61
What does Beck say about the family?
Talks about a risk society. As tradition has less influence and people have more choices, we are becoming aware of risks and rewards that come from decision making
62
What sociologists support that ethnicity effecting teaching?
- Coard (1971) - Mirza (1992) - Sewell (1997) - Glibourn and Youdell (200)
63
What did The Association of school and College Leaders (2014) say about worn class underachievement?
Working- class underachievement is linked to social factors. Young people spend more time outside school than in it so social factors outside of school can influence school attainment. These factors include aspirations, cultural knowledge, quality of parenting, time spent doing homework
64
What does Oscar Lewis identify about working-class culture and education?
He identified a ‘culture of poverty’ in the 1940/50’s. They had a fatalistic approach to cope with their poverty, but this kept them in their poverty
65
What does Herbert H Hyman (1967) say about the Woking-class and education?
He identifies ‘The value system of different classes’ . The value system of the lower classes created a self- imposed barrier to them improving themselves. Compared to the middle classes, the working classes; - Placed a lower value on education - Placed a lower value on achieving high occupational status - Believed there was less opportunity for social advancement
66
What do Interactionists think believe about the Cultural difference theory?
The focus on cultural deprivation directs attention away from the school processes that contribute to working class failure
67
What does Gillies (2005) say about Cultural Capital?
Parents with high levels of qualifications can use their knowledge and influence to benefit their children
68
What do Chubb and Moe say about the New Right view of expectations of school failure?
Poor children in fee paying schools achieved better than state run schools because private schools are responsive to the needs of parent who are paying customers
69
What do Mac an Ghaill, Jackson, Connolly and Francis suggest as a criticism to Functionalism view that education acts a bridge between the home and society?
Evidence that many children do not conform to the expectations of school. Their research has suggested that anti-learning laddish attitudes are adopted by boys and girls as a reaction to pressure and examinations
70
What do Bowles and Gintis say about correspondence theory?
Schools mirror society. Society is a hierarchy with workers oppressed by bosses and schools oppress children and children earn the obedience that thy need to be docile workers. This however is highly theoretical
71
What does Bourdieu say about cultural capital?
He identifies 3 types of cultural capital; - Embodied capital: class indicators - Objectified capital: ownership and acc to social markers - Institutionalised capitalism: capital that suggests authority and power
72
What is Hargreaves’s et al. (1975) case study into Deviance in classrooms?
Focussed on how students become labelled. heir study included interviews of secondary school teachers and observations of secondary school lessons. He distinguished three stages teachers used to classify students; - Speculation: teachers guess what type of learner they are using a variety of factors - Elaboration: teachers test the image that they have produced - Stabilisation: the teachers believes they now know the learner and act/react accordingly
73
How many children are growing up in material deprivation?
In 2021/22 there were 2.6 million children in the UK growing up in material deprivation
74
What does Louise Archer (2007) say about material factors as a cause of under-attainment?
Fashion is important to the culture of young people. There was increased risk of bullying due to the quality of clothing and lack of fashion items
75
What percentage of Gyspy/Roma and Irish travellers pupils got above a grade 5 in English and maths?
8.5% and 14.4%
76
What does Strand (1999) say about poverty and class?
Black and white children from disadvantaged background in both primary and secondary schools in London under achieved but Chinese and Indian children performed better than predicated and the reason is social class
77
What percentage of pupils in England have english as an additional language?
As of 2023 20.8% of pupils had EAL
78
What percentage of male and female were in higher education?
In 2021/22 54% of women were in education compared to 40%
79
What does Willis (1997) say about eduction and gender?
Boys are more likely to reject the values of education and form anti-school subcultures
80
What does Francis (2000) say about gender and education?
Femininity makes males feel threatened and so men distance themselves as more girls move into traditionally male areas which means they will reject educational strategies that could lead to success

Sociology (7 decks)

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