Unit 2: Poultry Production Lesson IV-V Flashcards
2 types of Incubation
Natural and Artificial
Description of Natural Incubation
a.) The hen lay eggs over a period of several days
b.) After 21 days sitting on her eggs, they hatch
c.) A hen who is sitting on her eggs is referred to as “broody”
Temperature requirement of artificial incubation
97-102 degrees Fahrenheit
Humidity level requirement for artificial incubation
60% humidity
Eggs are turned __ to __ times daily to prevent ___________.
3-5 times, embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell
Factors to consider when Grading Exterior Quality
a.) Cleanliness- shell should be free of debris or organic matter
b.) Shape – small end and large end. Not round or oblong.
c.) Soundness – no crack
d.) Size – not very small; not extremely large.
Factors to consider when Grading Interior Quality
a. air cell
b. viscosity of albumen
c. check for abnormalities
________ is used to test for egg fertility and viability. It is done by placing the eggs against a bright light, that the outline of the contents of the eggs is seen from the outside.
Candling of infertile /non-viable eggs
Candling is usually done in __ periods.
3/Three
This is the first period of candling in which infertile eggs are removed
4th or 5th day
This is the 2nd period of candling removes dead embryos
13th or 15th day
This is the third period of candling which occurs on the __ day
18th
Starts as soon as the chicks are placed in the brooder area where heat is supplied until the chicks have grown to the point where they no longer need additional heat to keep them warm and comfortable.
Brooding
Brooding usually lasts for approximately _______.
4 weeks
Types of Brooder.
Battery brooder, Cage brooder
Composed of compartments (tiers) which are constructed on top of another, each compartment is equipped with separate heater and provisions for feeding and drinking.
Battery brooder
Can be elevated, slatted-floor, or litter floor type with a capacity varying from few to several hundreds
Cage brooder
Temperature requirement of day old to 1 week old chicks.
32.2 - 35°C
Temperature requirement of 1 week - 2 week old chicks.
29.4 - 32.2°C
Temperature requirement of 2 week - 3 week old chicks.
26.7 - 29.4°C
Temperature requirement of 3 week - 4 week old chicks.
26.7°C and below
The chick’s _________________ to existing environmental temperature will indicate whether the temperature is right, too low or too high.
physiological reaction
Sources of Heat for Brooders
Electricity, LPG, Infrared lamp, kerosene lamp, charcoal
Factors Affecting Length of Brooding Period
Weather, Rate of Feathering
Types of poultry housing roof styles
shed type, gable type, combination (shed – gable) type, monitor type, semi-monitor type
What is the one cardinal rule?
Never increase light during growing period and never decrease light during laying period.
A bad habit developed by some growing birds. It usually starts from feather or toe picking which may result to serious wounding and death of birds.
Cannibalism
It is one management operation of poultry to limit effects of cannibalism among them.
Debeaking of birds
Possible Causes of Cannibalism
- Imbalanced ration – (hi-energy diet w/ low protein)
- Overcrowding & insufficient feeding & drinking space
- Poor ventilation
- Excessive light & heat
- May be a strain characteristic
3 Systems of Rearing
1.) Range system
2.) Semi-confinement system
3.) Complete confinement system
This is a good system for rearing pullets, however due to its large land area requirement, this system is commonly practiced by native chicken growers and duck raisers.
Range system
This is a system of raising poultry where the birds are provided with shed or housing and an area to graze or pasture.
Semi-confinement system
The modern trend in raising commercial strains.
Complete confinement system
Birds tend to lay eggs early when feeds consist of _____________ content.
High protein
Early sexual maturity in birds results in ________ and consequently production of smaller eggs.
Smaller pullets
Give the changes in appearance of the secondary sexual characters in pullets.
a.) Comb and wattles begin to increase in size and the color becomes red
b.) pullets become friendly and cackle
c.) pullets instinctively looks for nest
d.) pullets become docile (easily manage) and gregarious (sociable)
e.) the vent and abdomen become enlarge
f.) The surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.
Types of poultry housing
1.) Shed/gable type
2.) Monitor/semi-monitor
3.) Open sided
4.) Housing units for layers
Layer ration will generally contain _______ protein level
15-18%
Drinking water must be available to the layers _____. The egg is about _____% water.
24/7, 65 to 70%
Types of Systems in Broiler Operation
1.) All-in-all-out system
2.) Two-stage operation
3.) Multiple stage operation
The turn-over of chicks can be either daily every 2 days, weekly, bi-weekly, etc.
Multiple stage operation
Two age groups of broiler being kept in the farm.
Two-stage operation
Only one age group of broiler are being raised and sold at the same time.
All-in-all-out system
Types of contract growing of broilers.
1.) Integrator company (contractor)
2.) Farmer (grower)
Classification of Broiler Raisers
1.) Independent grower
2.) Contract grower
It is a bird of about 5 weeks of age of either sex (straight-run chicks) with an average body weight of 1.8 to 2.0 kg with a flexible breast bone cartilage, pliable, and tender meat.
Broiler
Metallic or wooden equipment used for artificial brooding of baby chicks.
Brooder
In poultry, it is used to designate group of birds that have been developed in certain geographical areas or regions.
Class
Unproductive hen
Cull
Elimination of unproductive or undesirable bird.
Culling
A building where incubators are kept
Hatchery
A building where incubators are kept
Hatchery
Removal of a portion of beak
Debeaking
A mature female fowl kept for egg laying purpose.
Layer
Ability of individual bird to live and remain vigorous and productive.
Livability
_______ is the act or process of shedding and renewing feathers.
Molting
Period of illumination by both natural and artificial means.
Photoperiod
A broiler grown up to the age of 9-11 weeks to a body weight of 2.5 to 3.0 kg
Roaster
The act of pecking the shell and shell membrane by the chick in order to break the shell and hatch out of the shell.
Pipping
