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Biology 100 > Unit 2 Post Class Assignment questions > Flashcards

Unit 2 Post Class Assignment questions Flashcards

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1
Q

In a given population, a few individuals may, by random chance, leave behind more descendants than other individuals. Thus, the genes of the next generation will have a higher proportion of the alleles of the “lucky” individuals. Which concept does this example represent?

A

genetic drift

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2
Q

Natural selection can only act on traits that:

A

are heritable.

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3
Q

If evolution has occurred:

A

the allele frequencies in a population have changed.

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4
Q

Which statement is the best description of evolution as currently understood by modern biologists?

A

Evolution is influenced by the differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes.

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5
Q

A population is:

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same general location and have the potential to interbreed.

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6
Q

Which statement describes an important difference between natural selection and genetic drift?

A

Natural selection involves differential reproductive success in the struggle for existence in an environment, whereas genetic drift does not.

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7
Q

Gene flow means most nearly the same as:

A

migration.

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8
Q

Which statement about mutations is false?

A

Mutations are always passed on to offspring.

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9
Q

___________ can result from many processes, including ___________ and __________.

A

Evolution; mutation; immigration

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10
Q

The migration of reproductive individuals between populations results in a movement of alleles called:

A

gene flow.

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11
Q

What wavelengths of light are absorbed by melanin?

A

ultraviolet

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12
Q

What gene in humans is involved in melanin production?

A

MC1R

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13
Q

What essential nutrient is broken down by UV light?

A

folate

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14
Q

What evolutionary mechanism is most responsible for the variation in human skin color?

A

natural selection

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15
Q

What essential nutrient is produced in our skin from UVB light?

A

vitamin D

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16
Q

What is melanin?

A

a pigment in human skin

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17
Q

Which of these is least likely to be an adaptation of an organism to its environment?

A

Cave fish have evolved degenerated eyes because they have no use for vision in dark, underwater caves.

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18
Q

While traveling around the world on the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin made which of the following observations?

A

Island species of finch closely resembled mainland finches.

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19
Q

Darwin’s observations while traveling on the Beagle helped him develop which theory?

A

Species might change over time.

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20
Q

Which statement best describes the difference between natural and artificial selection?

A

Natural selection can act without the input of humans; artificial selection requires some human input.

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21
Q

“Scientists can never observe evolution in action.” This statement is:

A

false. Multiple replicated, controlled laboratory experiments and long-term studies of natural populations have enabled scientists to observe and measure evolution as it occurs.

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22
Q

Natural selection means most nearly the same as:

A

differential reproductive success.

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23
Q

According to Darwin’s theories and observations on “the struggle for existence,” organisms better suited to an environment have a greater probability of surviving and will also:

A

leave more offspring.

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24
Q

The best measure of an organism’s fitness is:

A

the number of fertile offspring it produces.

25
Q

What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?

A

Artificial selection requires human intervention, whereas natural selection does not require human intervention.

26
Q

Which statement about Charles Darwin is false?

A

He influenced Malthus’s ideas about the limits of population growth.

27
Q

How did bats coevolve/adapt in response to moths gaining the ability to hear/jam their ultrasonic clicks?

A

They moved the frequency and intensity of their echolocation cries away from the peak sensitivity of moth ears.

28
Q

What benefit do corals gain from their mutualism with zooxanthellae?

A

Energy from the photosynthetic Zooxanthellae.

29
Q

What is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

A

Monarch and Viceroy butterflies

30
Q

What is different about coevolutionary interactions and adaptations compared to other types of evolution?

A

They are reciprocal, when one organism adapts the other adapts in response.

31
Q

Which organismal interaction is NOT coevolutionary?

A

Commensalism

32
Q

What type of mimicry involves a non-harmful/toxic organism mimicking a harmful/toxic organism?

A

Batesian

33
Q

If DNA replication occurs by unwinding and rebuilding, then:

A

the two resulting DNA molecules each contain one original strand and one new strand.

34
Q

Errors sometimes occur when DNA duplicates itself. Why might that be a good thing?

A

New alleles are produced, making it possible for the population to evolve.

35
Q

All of the following are cells that undergo mitosis, except:

A

sperm cells.

36
Q

A human brain cell contains 46 chromosomes. It divides by mitosis. How many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell?

A

46

37
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

to make genetically identical cells for growth and replacement of dead cells

38
Q

Which of the following places the events of mitosis into the correct order?

A

Chromosomes condense, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, sister chromatids separate, and the cell divides into two.

39
Q

Sister chromatids are held together:

A

at the centromere.

40
Q

The function of the spindle is to:

A

move chromosomes

41
Q

Which of the following is the direct product of DNA replication?

A

two sister chromatids

42
Q

In humans, somatic cells have 46 chromosomes. Sperm and egg cells have:

A

23 chromosomes.

43
Q

Whether it is eggs or sperm being produced through meiosis, under normal circumstances, each gamete ends up with:

A

exactly one copy of each chromosome.

44
Q

Crossing over means the same as:

A

the process by which pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged.

45
Q

Chromosomes on which crossing over (recombination) takes place:

A

have a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

46
Q

Which statement about homologous chromosomes is false?

A

One of the two homologous chromosomes is produced by the cell during the DNA replication.

47
Q

Which process is necessary to prevent the doubling of genome size during sexual reproduction?

A

meiosis

48
Q

What type of chromosomal abnormality leads to the phenotype known as Down syndrome?

A

trisomy 21

49
Q

An abnormal number of chromosomes can occur due to one particular erroneous meiotic event called:

A

nondisjunction (chromosomes don’t separate).

50
Q

During metaphase II in meiosis, a cell contains ________ of the DNA it did at the beginning of metaphase I.

A

1/2

51
Q

Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that are all genetically different from one another and from either parent. What are the three aspects of sexual reproduction that lead to this variation?

A

crossing over during the production of gametes; shuffling and reassortment of homologues during meiosis; and combination of alleles from two parents at fertilization

52
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Are all comprised of a single cell

53
Q

Complex multicellularity evolved

A

Several times independently

54
Q

Which of the following may have led to the evolution of simple multicellularity?

A

Predation and gene co-option

55
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of simple multicellular organisms?

A

Few cells are capable of reproduction

56
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of complex multicellularity?

A

Most cells are capable of reproduction

57
Q

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar in that they both

A

have DNA and ribosomes

58
Q

What global environmental factor may have promoted the evolution of complex multicellularity?

A

Increased oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere and oceans

59
Q

How do cells of complex multicellular organisms communicate with each other?

A

Through direct cell connections

Through genetic signal transduction pathways

Biology 100 (6 decks)

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