Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Flashcards
1
Q
why do most live in the mid-altitudes?
A
- moderate climates
- better soils
2
Q
social stratification
A
the classification of ppl into groups based on economic status, power, and/or culture
3
Q
why do developed countries have lower agricultural densities compares to less-developed countries?
A
bc farmers have resources + technology to produce large quantities of food w/ few workers
4
Q
what 2 things are economic decisions based on?
A
population distribution + density (same for political processes)
5
Q
what 3 things can the population characteristics of a region affect?
A
- no. of government services
- no. of private services
- location of said services
6
Q
carrying capacity
A
no. of ppl a region can support without damaging the environment
7
Q
what 3 things can cause differences in the gender balance?
A
- wars
- migrations
- gov. policies
8
Q
Expansive Population Pyramid
A
a wide base & narrow top (like a pyramid)
- wide base = a large percentage of children + large families
- expansive is stage 2 of the DTM
9
Q
what are baby booms usually associated with?
A
the end of a war, but can also occur for other reasons, such as times of economic abundance
10
Q
echo cohorts
A
the children of the baby boomers
11
Q
RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)
A
percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration
12
Q
what do anti-natalist policies attempt to do?
A
decrease the no. of births in a country (often used by developing countries)
13
Q
according to WHO, what 3 things should be changed in order to increase the perceived value of girls?
A
- promoting equal education
- allowing women to own property
- changing attitudes about gender roles
14
Q
why do women who follow traditional beliefs have higher fertility rates than those who don’t?
A
- less likely to use birth control
- less likely to be employed outside the home
15
Q
what are the 2 primary reasons for the increasing average ages in populations?
A
1) longer life expectancy
2) lower CBR’s
16
Q
voluntary migration
A
occurs when ppl choose to relocate
17
Q
IDPs (internally displaced persons)
A
migrants move to another part of the same country
18
Q
counter (or inverse) migration
A
each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
19
Q
transnational migration
A
when ppl move from one country to another, or internationally
20
Q
chain migration
A
migrants move to areas where others from their home country have already settled
21
Q
guest workers
A
transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t avaliable locally
- guest worker programs can help reduce a society’s dependency ratio by filling labor shortages & increasing the tax base.
22
Q
transhumance
A
process of herders moving w/ their animals to diff. pastures during diff. seasons
23
Q
Homstead Act policy
A
a program in which the U.S gov. gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for 5 years
24
Q
the Gulf Cooperation Council guest-worker policies
A
regulates the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a set of time
25
family reunification
policies that allow migrants to sponser family members who migrate to the country
26
xenophobia
a strong dislike of ppl of another culture
27
why do countries sometimes restrict immigration? include an example.
in an attempt to preserve their own cultural homogenity (sameness)
- ex: Japan
28
what is a benefit of migration?
immigrants can afford to make remittances (money sent to their family + friends in the country they left)
29
brain drain
when migration out of a country is made up of highly skilled ppl
30
Agricultural density
the ratio of available farmers to the amount of arable land.
- low agricultural density is often found in developed countries, where mechanized farming practices are more widespread. This is known as intensive agriculture bc it requires higher investments in such things as machinery, labor, capital & fertilizer but produces high crop yields.
31
population (also called arithmetic or crude population density) density
the number of people per square mile or per square kilometer
32
Physiological density
the number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land
33
which out the 3 types of population densities is more useful in determining a region's carrying capacity?
physiological
34
what countries with high physiological densities, like Egypt and Japan, struggle with?
struggle to grow enough food due to limited arable land which makes them rely on imported food & fishing to supplement their food supply
- (Japan can more easily afford food imports compared to less-developed countries like Egypt)
35
Why's physiological density important?
It shows pressure on farmland.
- High values indicate land scarcity, such as in Egypt.
- Lower values, this means each individual or citizen in your country has more access to lands that could be used for the agricultural sector.
36
What trends are observed in RNI?
High RNI
- Found in developing countries with rapid population growth (e.g., Niger, DR Congo).
Low/Negative RNI:
- Seen in developed countries with slow or declining population growth (e.g., Japan, Germany).
37
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The avg. number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime, focusing on women in their childbearing years (ages 15-49).
- A TFR of 2.1 is considered the number needed to maintain a stable population.
38
How does TFR vary by development level?
- High TFR → LDCs with young populations (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa)
- Low TFR → MDCs with aging populations (e.g., Japan, Italy)
39
life expectancy
The avg. number of years a person is expected to live which is higher in MDCs, lower in LDCs.
40
Doubling time
The time it takes for a population to double.
- Faster growth = shorter doubling time (e.g., Nigeria)
- Slower growth = longer doubling time (e.g., Germany, Japan).
41
Dependency ratio
People under 15 and above 64
- a high dependency ratio causes economic strain on workers due to pensions, healthcare, or education costs.
42
How do daily population variations work?
New York City's population doubles during work hours as commuters enter the city.
43
How are population trends connected?
- TFR affects the dependency ratio.
- Physiological density links to carrying capacity.
- CBR & CDR influence RNI.
44
What's the Rule of 70 used for?
To estimate the time it takes for a population to double
45
DTM
shows how the decline in death rates produced a growth in population & eventually a decline in birth rates
46
Crude Birth Rate
number of births per 1000
47
Crude Death Rate
number of deaths per 1000
48
Stage 1: High Stationary (DTM)
| CBRs, CDRs, RNI & Economy & Society
extremely high CBRs
- cultural preferences
- contraceptives
extremely high CDRs
- lack of sanitation/medicine, animal attacks, war, famine
RNI
- very low as the high death rates cancel out the high birth rates.
Economy & Society
- subsistence agriculture
- hunter gathering
Examples Today
- scattered isolated groups
49
Stage 2: Early Expanding (DTM)
| CBRs, CDRs, RNI & Economy and Society
Birth rate:
- high, as large families are still desired, but fluctuating
Death rate:
- rapidly declining as nutrition, sanitation & medicine improve
RNI:
- very high
Economy & Society
- rural agricultural society
- less developed
Examples Today
- Many countries in the Sub-Sarahan Africa are in this stage
50
Stage 3: Late Expanding (DTM)
| CBR, CDR, RNI & Examples today
Birth rate:
- declining as urbanization decreases the need for child labor
- women enter workforce & seek educational opportunities
Death rate:
- declining but not as fast as in previous stages
RNI:
- moderate
Economy & Society:
- large movement of ppl from farms to cities
- emerging / industrializing economies
Examples Today:
- Mexico
- Turkey
- Indonesia
51
Stage 4: Low Stationary (DTM)'s CBRs, CDRs & RNI
Birth rate:
- low but enough to keep the population stable
- women delay marriage & seek educational opportunities
- increased contraceptive use, family planning
Death rate:
- low & stable
- higher incomes lead to better health outcomes
RNI:
- None; 0
Economy & Society
- urbanized service economy
- highly developed
- rising gender equity
Examples Today:
- US
- China
52
Stage 5: Declining (DTM)
| Birth & Death rate, RNI, Economy & Society & Examples today
Birth rate: so low it falls below the death rate
- couples choosing not to have kids
Death rate: low, sometimes increasing as the population changes
- increasing due to aging populations and lifestyle changes in urban areas.
RNI:
- neg. or close to 0, as birth rates are low & death rates may rise.
Economy & Society:
- urbanized service economy
- highly developed
Examples Today:
- Japan
- Germany
53
Epidemiological Transition Model
extension of the DTM & explains of the changing death rates + more common causes of deaths within societies.
54
Malthusian Theory
Malthus analyzed the relationship between natural resource use & concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation.
54
what does Abdel Omran's ETM identify?
predictable stages in disease & life expectancy that countries experience as they develop.
55
What was Malthus referring to by 'overpopulation'?
since population would grow faster than food production, the world's population would soon be unsupportable or referred to by Malthus as overpopulation.
56
Boserup theory
the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed.
57
What did Boserup up also argue?
As population increases, pressure on agriculture stimulates invention, leading to more food production.
58
Neo-Malthusians argue population growth will:
- deplete nonrenewable resources
- lead to pollution of air & water
- cause food shortages
These issue could result in social, political, economic & environmental catastrophe.
59
What does Zelinsky's theory, called the migration transition model, argue?
that countries in Stage 2 & 3 experience rapid population growth & overcrowding.
this overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people & act as a push factor.
thus, they migrate to less-crowded Stages 4 & 5 countries, which offer greater economic opportunities w/ growing economies & aging populations.
59
What combination of 3 things are powerful in reducing TFRs?
- access to family planning
- educational attainment of girls
- resulting gains in economic wealth for women
60
Intervening opportunities
opportunities that disrupt a migrant's original migration plan.
61
as the distance between 2 locations increases, the pull, or gravity, weakens & the person may choose a closer place to migrate to. So, if the distance is equal between 2 zones, where will people go?
to the zone with larger population & larger area size.
62
step migration
a process in which migrants reach their eventual decision through a series of smaller moves
63
Rural to Urban
because of the Industrial Revolution, rural areas needed fewer laborers on farms & cities needed more people to work, first in factories & then in offices.
64
What does the 'natural' in RNI refer to?
it refers to the fact that only births & deaths are considered in this number, not migration.
65
IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)
refers to how many babies under 1 year of age die in each year compared to live births.
- this can tell us about the health of a society
66
What did Thomas Malthus warn us about?
that population would outpace food supply because population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically
67
What is an advantage & disadvantage about Malthus' theory?
Advantage:
- his theory on population growth can help us understand the challenges of population growth & food production.
Disadvantage:
- He was unable to predict the advancements humans would make in food production & the slowing of population growth as countries move through the DTM.
Therefore, his theory has value today but is limited by his historical perspective.
68
What can countries look at to assess the health of women?
by looking at the MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate), or the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy
